-*^'  ,?^sr^ 


FYUAMI"'     OR    SUGAR    LOAF    ROCK. 


ISLiXD  OF  ILVrivINAO, 


QBJIOTS  OF  i:  ,.....„  ..  I  PUCIE  0?  BESOEf 


IN  «S*t 


STRAITS  OF  MACKINAC  mi  ?TS  VICINITYi 


);^V!.Jf^ii£»i» 


OJLT>    MACKINAW,   Jmi^'^  '^"^     ""J-NAOE, 

CWEBOYQ-AN,   .i       . 

Air  AQooint  ^f  THE  mmi  mmhRmm  m-  "i  «i  mfmmi, 

c;.'."  ■"•,;n  iii-lcje:--- 
^flTH  .4  MAP  Mb  KMBilLTSirMi:  ^^T6. 


W^i*i:xpniA. 


I§T5. 


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^i'vi 


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i#^Mii^  #»  ^«A»  wm^'  mm^ 


ISLAND  OF  MACKINAC, 

GIVING  A   DESCRIPTION 

OF  ALL   THB 

OBJECTS  OF  iTEREST  AND  PLACES  OF  RESORT 


IN   THE 


STRAITS  OF  MACKINAC  AND  ITS  VICINITY; 


iNCLUDINO 


OLD    MACKINAW,    POINT    ST.   IGNACE, 

CHEBOYGAN,    E-^o. 

.    ■  ."        .:•    - .     ■!  '.  ■■      ■''   '.      ALSO,      ^^  ,;;:':  "-/.J,  V. 

AN  AOOOUITT  OF  THE  EARI T  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  COUNTRY, 

OLIMATIO  INFLUENCE, 
STEAMBOAT  AND  RAILROAD  ROUTES,  etc. 


WITH  A  MAP  AND  EMBELLISHMENTS. 


Compiled  by  J.  DISTURNELL, 

AUTHOR   OF    "influence   OF    CLIMATE    IN    NORTH    AND   SOUTH   AMERICA,"   ETC. 


PHILADELPHIA. 
-  -     1875. 


\Ji..,/.  {/vJklL  -jSj  U  hrxiO 


'■    V     •..*,*    .'v       '^' 


Xili)iiki^t      'iU 


.,.A>   ».  ;„Mb. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  1875, 

By  J.  DISTUENELL, 

\n  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


.:1s. 


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TO  THE  PUBLIC. 


, ,   ...      ■,/  „.tU'  '  ■.,,  .        ■• ,.,\ .  •  ■/    ■;■  '     .a-  .■        ,  ,   ,  ,■    .   ■■■ 

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'   '     ■'■■     ,  '•■'■•■    '■••■    ''     :     •  ly/'---  ■  i  I'  .    ,:  ,,■■'/.,.   .r->  .,H /r     ■  :■•    v'   f-:'";-'     ;'     >C    ■"      •'> 

-■•-.■    .   *    .         ,,.  -"'''i  *■•.<-. ":       .'i  '.v.*     -',-"' f!    '.A  ./■.  ^'',       ,    -^^    ■    ,  -       ,,.!.*.  w  .  i rM'!',' <,i    .'r'' .'■'  V-  ■ '"  ^^''  ,■■-    !.  '^  V  '        ■',■!.!■.■■ 

In  the  compilation  of  this  Wouk,  the  Author  has  been  influenced  by  Iho 
desire  of  numerous  individuals  to  have  prepared  an  Illustuated  Guidk  to 
this  favorite  resort,  now  attracting  more  than  ever  the  attention  cf  the 
invalid  and  the  seekers  of  pleasure,  as  well  as  the  capitalists,  who  are  inter- 
ested in  steamboat  lines,  and  those  engaged  in  the  construction  of  railroads 
through  the  Lower  and  Upper  Peninsulas  of  Michigan — thereby  affoiding 
pleasant  and  speedy  access  to  this  hitherto  neglected  region  of  country, 
where  health  prevails.  The  National  Park  to  be  located  on  the  Island  of 
Mackinac  tends  to  make  such  a  work  a  matter  of  necessity,  in  order  to  gratify 
the  inquiring  mind  of  the  American  public. 

Having  for  the  past  twenty  years  experienced  the  benefits  of  the  health- 
restoring  influence  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  and  the  Lake  Superior  Region, 
I  feel  warranted  in  saying  that  no  more  favorable  atmosphere  exists  on  the 
Continent  of  America  than  in  the  Region  of  the  Great  Northwest,  where 
vitality  and  longevity  can  be  insured.       -v,^.?  -t 


J.  DISTURNELL. 


Philadelphia,  May,  1875. 


./-"iff  *  - 
.  .  -  --- — -*-ftfttJn 


(iii) 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 
How  TO   TlKACn   THE  TST  AND  OP   MACKIXAC.  5,  G 

DAroit  t<»  Mackinac — Uiwtances,  Ac 7 

Cincinnati  and  Urand  Kapids  to  Mackinac...     8 

Mackinac  and  its  Vicinity 9 

Straits  of  Mackinac 10 

Round  Island — Bois  Blanc  Island II 

Greon  Bay — Old  Fort  Mackinaw 12 

Mackinac  County — Mackinac  Island IIJ 

Earit  History— Indian  Traditions 14,  15 

American  Fur  Company IG 

Places  worth  Seeing  on  the  Island — Arch 
Rock  —  Rohinson's     Folly  —  Sugar     Loaf 

Rock— Fairy  Arch,  Ac 17-10 

Lover's  Leap — Chimney  Rock,  Ac 20 

Description  of  Mackinac  Island 21,  22 

Opening  of  the  Straits 23 

Mackinac — Town  and  Fortress 24,  25 

Objects  of  Interest  and  Places  of  Resort 20 

Arch  Rock,  a  Poem — Fort  Mackinac 27 

Mission  IIouso — Altitudes 28 

Islands  and  Pla^^cs  of  Interest 29 

City  of  Mackiiiaw — Point  St.  Ignaco 30 

East  Moran  Bay — Lea  Chencaux  Islands 31 

Steamboat  Excursion 32 

Duncan — Cheboygan 33 

Chebogan  River — Long  Lake,  Ac 34 

Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan 35 

Saginaw  Bay — Thunder  Bay,  Ac 36 

Table  of  Distaucea— Alpcuu,  &c 37,  38 


PAOB 

Temperature  of  the  Ltiko  Porta 39 

Light  Houses  on  Lake  Huron,  Ac 40 

Climatic  Intluenco  of  the  Great  Lakes...  41,  42 

The  White  Fish,  Ac 43-45 

National  Pakk— Island  of  Mackinac 4(i-49 

Early  Jesuit  History 51,  52 

Father  Marquette — Father  lUihlon 62-55 

Ancient  Mackinac — Lake  Superior 56 

Death  of  Father  Marquette 57 

Proposed  Monument 58 

Point  St.  Ignace  and  Old  Mackinaw 59,  60 

Early  Discoverers  of  the  Upper  Lakes  a'.id 

Mississippi  Rivei 61 

Distances,  Fare  and  Usual  Time  from  BufTalo 

and  Detroit  to  Chicago,  Ac 62 

Opening  of  the  Saut  Ste  Mario  Canal 62 

Summer  Travel — A  Trip  to  Mackinac...  63-68 
Census  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan 

— PostOflRces , 69,  70 

Upper    Peninsula    of    Michigan — Ancient 

Names 71 

Mackinaw  and  Marquette  Railroad 72 

Sailing  on  the  Great  Lakes 73,  74 

Petosky— Seasoji  of  1875 75 

Mackinac  Business  Directory 76 

Advertisements 77-96 


<»— » 


EMBELLISHMENTS. 


1.  Pyramid,  ob  Sugar  Loaf  Rock Frontispiece. 

2.  Robinson's  Folly 17 

3.  Arch  Rock 18 

4.  Village  of  Mackinac  from  the  Beach 24.- 

5.  A'lEW  from  near  the  Fort 27 

6.  Fort  Mackinac  anp  Town 29 

7.  Pineries  of  Michigan , 35 

8.  TOPOQRAPUJCAL  MaP   OF  IHS  ISLAKD. 


(iv)     . 


HOW  TO  REACH  THE  ISLAND  OF  MACKINAC. 

There  are  now  two  great  Linos  of  Travel,  by  water,  to  this  far-famed  and 
fashionable  place  of  resort,  besides  the  approach  from  Lake  Superior. 

1,  From  Buffalo,  Cleveland  and  Detroit,  passing  over  Lake  Erie  and 
through  the  Detroit  and  St.  Clair  Rivers  and  over  Lake  Huron ;  the  distance 
from  Detroit,  Mich.,  being  about  340  miles,  running  for  most  of  the  distance 
along  the  west  shore  of  Huron,  within  sight  of  land. 

After  leaving  Port  Huron  the  steamer  enters  the  broad  waters  of  Lake 
Huron,  passing  within  sight  a  succession  of  flourishing  villages  until  Point 
au  Barques  is  reached ;  then  comes  Saginaw  Bay,  which  has  to  be  crossed, 
here  about  40  miles  wide  ;  then  comes  another  succession  of  lumbering  vil- 
lages, when  next  Alpena  is  reached.  This  flourishing  city  is  favorably 
located  on  Thunder  Bay,  where  is  a  celebrated  Medicinal  Spring,  a  large 
Hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  numerous  stores  and  large  saw-mills. 

On  leaving  Alpena,  Thunder  Island  and  Light  are  passed,  and  the  steamer 
usually  runs  for  Duncan  and  Cheboygan,  about  90  miles  distant.  The 
Island  of  Mackinac  is  18  miles  further  in  a  northerly  direction — passing  Bo'S 
Blanc  Island  and  Round  Island,  lying  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac.  *. 

Steamers  also  run  from  Saginaw  and  Bay  City  to  Alpena  and  Mackinac, 
making  landings  along  the  wesfr  shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

2.  From  Chicago  and  Milwaukee — passing  through  Lake  Michigan  for 
about  350  miles,  when  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  are  entered.  On  this  route 
the  steamers  usually  run  along  the  Wisconsin  shore  of  the  lake  to  Manitowoc 
or  Two  Rivers,  then  run  for  the  Manitou  Island,  on  the  east  or  Michigan  shore 
of  the  lake  ;  continuing  northward  past  Grand  Traverse  Bay  and  Little 
Traverse  Bay  towards  Point  Waugoshance  and  Light,  when  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac  are  entered  and  Old  Mackinaw  passed  ;  then  comes  the  Island  of 
Mackinac,  rising  into  view  with  her  castellated  fort  and  high  grounds,  on 
the  summit  of  which  stands  old  Fort  Holmes. 

This  steamboat  route  'rom  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  furnishes  the  most 
desirable  approach  to  Mackinac  from  the  South,  and  will  always  be  a  favorite 
mode  of  travel  during  ^^'arm  weather,  avoiding  the  dust  and  heat  of  land  con- 
veyance. The  change  of  climate  experienced  in  this  journey  of  300  or  iOO 
miles  is  most  wonderful  and  beneficial.     If  the  trip  is  continued  to  Saut  Ste 

.         ---     -. (^) 


▼i  HOW    TO   REACH    TUB    ISLAND    OF    MACKINAC. 

Mario  and  Lake  Superior,  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  a  change  of  climate 
is  still  more  perceptible. 

3.  The  new  Railroad  Route,  first  opened  in  1874,  extending  from  the  city 
of  Dktuoit,  via  Lansing,  to  Howard  City,  1G4  miles,  and  then  to  Petoskey, 
situated  on  Little  Traverse  Bay,  via  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad^  a 
total  distance,  by  railroad,  of  320  miles,  forms  a  direct  and  speedy  line  of 
travel  through  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan.  A  steamer  runs,  during 
the  season  of  navigation,  from  Petoskey  to  Mackinac,  60  miles  further,  pass- 
ing through  the  Straits.  ••    -  '■',■- 

This  railroad  line  will  soon  be  extended  to  Mackinac  City,  opposite  Point 
St.  Ignace,  and  then  connect  with  the  Island  of  Mackinac  by  steamer,  8  miles 
distant.  A  stage  line  also  runs  from  Petoskey  to  Cheboygan — 30  miles — 
connecting  with  a  steamboat  running  to  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  18  miles. 
•.  4»  The  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad  (Grand  Rapids  and  Cincinnati 
Short  Line),  extends  from  Cincinnati  to  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  303  miles  ; 
and  from  thence  is  finished  to  Traverse  City,  150  miles;  and  to  Petoskey, 
100  miles  ;  total  distance  from  Cincinnati,  493  miles.        ■'  «. 

The  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railrimd  Company  usually  run  a  Steamer 
from  Traverse  City  to  Escanaba,  Michigan — 120  miles — connecting  with  Pen- 
ninsula  Railroad  of  Michigan,  running  to  Negaunee  and  Marquette,  L.  S. 
A  steamer  also  runs  daily  from  Petoskey  to  Mackinac — 60  miles — forming  a 
direct  and  speedy  line  of  travel  to  the  above  favorite  watering  place.  -:;, 
■■■■  A  line  of  travel  extends  from  Chicago,  via  Michigan  Central  Main  Line,  to 
Kalamazoo;  also,  over  the  Chicago  and  Michigan  Lake  Shore  Railroad  wa 
New  Buffalo,  to  Grand  Rapids — both  lines  connecting  with  the  Grand  Rapids 
and  Indiana  Railroad.  .  n;.  ,- ^  ^.   .  .   ,»■       ■:;;.,  .      ' 

Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  are  running  on  all  these  lines,  to  and  from  Grand 
Rapids,  where  will  be  found  good  Hotel  accommodations,     '.i       '-    .." 

5.  Another  through  railroad  route  will  be  furnished,  via  the  Detroit  and 
Bay  City  Railroad^  running  from  Detroit  direct  to  Bay  City,  108  miles,  there 
connecting  with  the  Jackson^  Lansing  and  Saginaw  Railroad,  finished  to  within 
a  short  distance  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac.  When  this  road  is  fully  com- 
pleted, it  will  furnish  the  most  direct  route  from  Detroit  to  the  Island  of 
Mackinac  and  Lake  Superior. 

All  the  above  Railroads  run  through  the  Pineries  of  the  Lower  Peninsula 
of  Michigan,  affording  much  wild  and  romantic  scenery. 


OINOINNATI  TO  MAOKINAO,  MIOHiaAN. 


VIA    RICHMOND,   FORT    WAYNE    AND    GRAND    UAPlts. 


Grand  Rapids   and    Cincin- 
nati Short  Line, 

MILKS.  STATIONS.  MILES, 

303  CINCINNATI,    O.  0 

278  Hamilton  '  25 

233  Richmond 45  70 

209  Winchester 24  94 

201  Ridgeville  8  102 

190  Portland 11  113 

163  Decatur  27  140 

142  Fort  Wayne,  Ind 21  161 

Grand  JRapids  and  Indiana 
Mailroad, 

Connects  with  Pittsburgh^  Fort  Wayne 
and  Chicago  Railroad. 

114  Kendallville 28  189 

95  La  Grange 19  208 

90  Lima  5  213 

85  Sturgis,Mich 5  218 

75  Michigan  Central  Air  Line 

Crossing  10  228 

70  Mendon  5  233 

61  Vicksburg 9  242 

49  Kalamazoo 12  254 

Michigan  Central  Railroad  Crossing, 

37     Plainwell - 12     2G6 

33     Monteith 5     271 

21     Wayland  11     282 

0     GIiANI>KAPII)S.21     303 

Connects  with   Chicago  and  Michigan 
Laki  Shore  Railroad. 


Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana 
Railroad  {Continued), 


MILES. 
190 

1§7 

l76 
109 
163 

156 


STATIONS. 


GRAND  RAPIDS, 

Michigan  

D.  &  M.  Crossing 3 

Ilockford 11 

tedar  Springs 7 

Sand  Lake G 

Howard  City 7 


MILES. 

303 
306 
317 
324 
330 
337 


Connects  with   Detroit^  Lansing  and 

L.  Michigan  Railroad.          ,.,  ,:*^  ... 

149     Morley  7  344 

135     Big  Rapids 14  358 

122     Reed  City 13  371 

93     Clam  Lake 29  400 


89 
81 
72 


67 
61 
53 
48 
44 
40 
?4 
26 
13 
9 
0 


Linden 4 

Manton  8 

Walton  Tunction 9 


Fife  Lake  5 

South  Boardman 6 

ivaiKasKa  •............•...,,.  o 

Leetsville 5 

Havana 4 

Mancelona 4 

Cascade 6 

Elmirji 8 

Boyne  Falls 10 

Melrose 7 

PETOSKli^X  *.,.,...,  Jl 


404 
412 
421 


Traverse  City 26    447 


426 
432 
440 
445 
419 
453 
459 
467 
477 
484 
493 


*  Connects  with  Steamers  tor  Mackinac,  60  miles. 


(vii) 


DETROIT  TO  MAOEINAO,  MIOHIGAN. 

VIA    RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT    ROUTE. 


Detroit,  Lansing  and   Lake 
Michigan  Kailroad. 


MILKS. 


STATIONS. 


MILES. 


164    DETROIT 0 

IGl     Grand  Trunk  June 3 

152     Bedford  9  12 

146     Livonia 6  18 

141     Plymouth  5  23 

^  Flint  Sf  P.  M.  Crossing. 

130     South  Lynn 11  34 

121     Brighton  9  43 

112     Howell  9  52 

98     Leroy 14  66 

93       WiLLIAMSTON 5  71 

79     LANSING 14  85 

73     North  Lansing 1  86 

95     Grand  Ledge 13  99 

53     Portland .12  111 

46     Lyons 7  118 

41     Ionia 5  123 

'  D.  ^  M.  Railroad  Crossing. 

Stanton  Junction 4  127 

Kiddville U 


138 


Greenville  6     144 

149 


37 

26 

20 

15     Gowen.. 5 

7     Maple  Grove 8     157 

0    Howard  City 7    164 

(viii) 


Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana 
Jtailroad, 

STATIONS.  MILES. 

164 
171 


MILES. 


156    Howard  City 

149     Moiley  7 

134     Big  Rapids.... 15     186 

190 
198 


130  Paris  4 

122  Reed  City 3 

93  Clam  Lake 29     227 

72  Walton  21     248 


Traverse  City 26    274 


53  Kalkaska...., 19  267 

44  Havana 9  276 

26  Elmira 18  294 

0  PETOSKEY  26  320 


Steamboat  Moute, 

During  the  season  of  navigation  the 
Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad 
Steamers  run  daily  from  Petoskey 
direct  to  Mackinac,  passing  through 
the  Straits ;  distance,  60  miles. 

Stages  run  during  the  winter 
months  from  Petoskey  to  Cheboygan, 
30  miles,  making  connection  with 
Mackinac,  18  miles,  and  Saut  Ste 
Marie,  90  miles  further. 


■'V 


MACKINAC  AND  ITS  YICINITY. 


■rfi-f:- 


FOR  upwards  of  two  hundred  years  Point  Si.  Ignace,  Old  Fort  Mackinaw, 
and  the  lovely  Island  of  Mackinac,  has  been  celebrated  in  history. 
Here  tribes  of  the  aborigines,  the  French,  the  English,  and  the  Americans 
have  alternately  held  sway,  each  alike  appreciating  the  advantages  of  this 
gateway  of  commerce,  important  alike  in  times  of  war  and  in  times  of  peace. 
The  Straits  of  Mackinac,  and  its  surroundings,  always  have  and  always  will 
be  appreciated  by  a  commercial  people ;  yet,  strange  to  say,  no  large  cities 
have  as  yet  sprung  into  existence  on  the  Straits,  after  a  lapse  of  two  cen- 
turies, since  the  Jesuit  Fathers  and  French  traders  first  visited  Point  St. 

Ignace. 

To-day,  with  the  exception  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  the  white  man  has 
not  settled  to  any  extent  on  these  beautiful  shores— the  Indian  and  che  half- 
breed  forming  the  mass  of  the  population.  Here  they  will  continue  to  linger 
until  the  locomotive,  with  its  shrill  whistle,  shall  cause  them  to  retire  to  less 

frequented  haunts. 

Already  two  events  have  transpired  that  will  tend  to  hasten  the  exodus  of 
the  Red  Man.  The  one  is  the  establishment  of  a  National  Park  on  the  Island 
of  Mackinac,  and  the  other  is  the  chartering  of  railroad  companies  that  will 
soon  complete  lines  of  railroads  to  run  through  this  heretofore  wilderness 
region.  Cities  and  villages  are  here  destined  soon  to  spring  into  existence, 
where  manufactures  and  the  mechanic  arts  will  flourish,  in  connection  with 
churches,  colleges  and  schools.  All  these  great  helps  to  civilization  will  bo 
advanced  by  the  healthy,  bracing  climate  which  here  exists.  Man,  mentally 
and  physically,  can,  in  this  section,  make  rapid  advances  while^breathing  the 
invigorating  air  of  the  Upper  Lake  region,  made  pure  by  a  large  expanse  of 
water  combined  with  the  surrounding  healthy  atmosphere. 

(8) 


10  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

On  an  examination  of  a  chart  or  map,  showing  the  connection  of  the 
three  great  lakes-Huron,  Michigan  and  Supcrior-the  importance  of  the 
Stra'ts  of  Mackinac  are  apparent.  Here  come  in  close  proximity  the 
Lower  and  Upper  Peninsulas  of  Michigan,  where  the  telegraph  wire  and  a 
steam  ferry  will  unite  both  shores,  some  three  or  four  miles  distant.  A 
further  examiaation  of  the  chart  shows  the  outlet  of  Lake  Superior,  the  St. 
Mary's  River,  extending  from  Gros  Cap  and  Point  Iroquois  on  the  north,  to 
the  De  Tour  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  about  65  miles;  while  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac  are  reached  about  40  miles  westward  of  the  mouth  of  the  above 
river  or  strait,  making  the  entrance  to  White  Fish  Bay,  or  Lake  Superior, 
about  120  miles  from  the  Island  of  Mackinac. 

^  Through  the  above  channels  will  forever  flow  the  commerce  and  the 
pleasure  travel  of  the  world,  in  connection  with  parallel  railroad  lines,  now 
being  rapidly  constructed,  both  in  the  United  States  and  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.*  During  warm  weather  the  steamers  afford  the  most  delightful  ex- 
cursions imaginable,  presenting  a  succession  of  lake,  river  and  woodland 
landscape  of  unsurpassing  beauty. 


STEAITS  or  MAOKINAO. 

The  far-famed  Straits  of  Mackinac,  or  Michilimackinac,  as  formerly  called, 
lying  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  in  about  45°  50^  north  latitude, 
and  extending  from  Waugoshance  Island  and  Light  on  the  west,  to  the  end  of 
Bois  Blanc  Island  on  the  east,  a  distance  of  35  miles,  with  the  islands,  head- 
lands and  shores,  are  all  historic  ground,  their  history  running  through  up- 
wards of  two  centuries.  Here  have  been  enacted  many  of  the  stirring  events 
connected  with  the  early  Indian  wars :  the  war  between  the  French  and 
English,  during  the  eighteenth  century,  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  the 
war  of  1812  with  Great  Britain,  when,  in  1814,  the  quiet  possession  of  this 
important  point  was  conceded  to  the  United  States  by  treaty.      .      ;  ,,  ,  ,,..... 

Point  St.  Ignacc,  on  the  north,  and  Old  Fort  Mackinaw,  on  the  south,  lying 

opposite  each  other,  were  first  celebrated  in  mocern  history  ;  here  the  French 

*  The  foresight  of  MAJOR  Long,  in  the  Government  Report  of  his  Expeditions  to  the  Nortlmest, 
18'>4  vol  ii  I)  24!j.  is  seen:-'' Before  wo  dismiss  this  subject,  we  would  remark,  that  the  btraits 
of  Mackinaw  nresents  itself  as  one  of  the  n^ost  important  passes  to  an  extensive  interior  coast, 
andS;  ?Uy^to  tl^e  very  vit^^  of  the  Western  Country,  that  is  anywhere  to  be  found  westward 
of  the  Aaeghauy  MountttiuB."  ,   » 


T     STRAITS   OP    MACKINAC,     v  %l 


Jesuits  and  voyageurs  in  search  of  new  discoveries  and  the  possession  of 
wealth  arising  from  Indian  traffic,  first  formed  pormanont  settlements  on  the 
borders  of  the  Great  Lakes  of  America,  where  the  shores  of  the  Lower  and 
Upper  Peninsulas  of  Michigan  are  separated  by  only  four  miles  of  water, 
while  eastward  and  westward  the  waters  widen — Lake  Huron  being  entered 
on  the  east  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west.  Both  these  great  bodies  of  water 
embrace  several  thousand  square  miles  of  surface,  and  together  with  Lake 
Superior,  lying  80  miles  northwest,  cover  altogether  an  area  of  about  75,000 
square  miles  of  water  surface — included  in  a  circuit  of  about  350  miles — 
bordering  on  the  States  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  as  well  as 
on  the  Province  of  Ontario,  Canada.  Sudden  storms  often  rise  on  these 
Inland  Seas,  causing  loss  of  life  and  property.   '>f :;:^;r':  )^y  ^t-^x-^f  >,> 

The  Straits  of  Mackinac  form  the  centre  of  this  great  expanse  of  water — 
hence  its  commercial  importance.  Here  may  now  be  seen  fleets  of  sailing 
Vessels  iind  the  steamers  of  modern  date  ploughing  their  way  to  the  lower  and 
Upper  lake  ports,  loaded  with  agricultural  products  and  rich  merchandise, 
giving   profitable   employment  to  many  hundred  vessels  and  thousands  of 

mariners.  ;-;  ,v  ,■..:,,, -■ivjiji,  ,,'i-(i.'i..    v-yv-f*    ■r.,^}.-:     ••    ;■,     :.y.4--<i.i^    io    ;,>■>:,„;■;•,»■>  ,;'r 

The  most  important  Islands  lying  in  the  Straits  are  Mackinac  Island,  Round 
Island,  a  Government  Reservation,  Bois  Blanc  Island,  consisting  of  a  large 
and  fertile  body  of  land,  and  St.  Helena  Island.  The  >S'^  Martin  Islands  lie  in 
St.  Martin's  Bay,  to  the  northward  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac. 

The  islands  and  objects  of  interest  within  the  Straits  are  numerous.  On 
approaching  from  the  east.  Spectacle  Reef  and  Light  are  passed,  then  Bois 
Blanc  Island  and  Light  House  are  first  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  ascending 
vessel.  In  passing  through  the  South  Channel,  between  Bois  Blanc  and  the 
mainland,  Cheboygan  Light  House  is  seen,  then  comes  Duncan  Bay  and  the 
mouth  of  Cheboygan  River.  Here  are  situated  Duncan  and  Cheboygan,  both 
being  new  and  important  lumbering  towns,  from  whence  steamers  run  to 
Chicago,  Saginaw,  Detroit,  &c.,  as  well  as  to  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  18 
miles  distant.  Round  Island,  at  present  uninhabited,  is  next  passed,  then 
comes  in  full  view  the  important  Island  of  Mackinac,  "the  Gem  of  the  Straits," 
with  its  old,  crowning  fortress,  elevated  about  320  feet  above  Lake  Huron, 
overlooking  Point  St.  Ignace  and  Old  Mackinaw  on  the  mainland.  This 
Island  will  be  fully  described  in  another  part  of  this  volume. 


12  MACKINAC   AND    ITS    VICINITY. 

To  the  north  lie  the  St.  Martin  Islands  and  Goose  Island ;  also,  the  Les 
Cheneauz  Islands,  forming  a  labyrinth  of  islands  and  indentations  that  line 
the  main  shore  for  several  miles.  These  islands  and  headlands  are  known 
by  different  names,  the  principal  inlands  being  Isle  Marqnette  and  La  Salle 
Island.  There  are  also  several  beautiful  bays,  the  principal  being  St.  Mar- 
tin's Bay,  where  enters  Carp  and  Pine  Rivers. 

Point  St.  Ignace,  the  favorite  abode  of  Father  Marquette,  lies  four  miles  west 
of  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  where  is  a  scattered  settlement,  extending  from 
the  Point  to  East  Moran  Bay.  The  first  settlement  on  the  Straits  is  supposed 
to  have  been  immediately  north  of  East  Moran  Bay,  opposite  the  north  end 
of  the  Island  of  Mackinac.  Here  is  now  a  small  settlement  of  Indians  and 
half-breeds,  where  is  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  cemetery  containing  the  re- 
mains of  the  revered  Father  Marquette. 

Old  Fort  Mackinaw*  celebrated  for  the  Indian  Massacre  in  1763,  is  situated 
on  the  main  land,  4  miles  from  Point  St.  Ignace  and  8  miles  south-west  of 
the  Island  of  Mackinac.  Both  the  aboA  e  important  points  are  now  attracting 
the  attention  of  the  capitalist  as  well  as  the  historian.  A  line  of  railroads 
will  here  connect  by  means  of  a  steam  ferry  boat,  affording,  when  finished, 
the  most  direct  and  speedy  route  to  Lake  Superior,  as  well  as  to  the  lovely 
Island  of  Mackinac. 

Point  la  Barbe  stands  opposite  Old  Mackinaw,  now  called  Mackinaw  City. 
On  leaving  the  above  points,  bound  for  Milwaukee  or  Chicago,  the  Straits 
widen  as  you  approach  the  Island  of  St.  Helena  and  pass  Waugoshance  Island 
and  Light.  Then  Lake  Michigan  is  entered,  passing  the  Beaver  and  Fox 
Islands  ;  the  broad  waters  of  this  inland  sea  extend  a  further  distance,  south- 
ward, for  upwards  of  300  miles. 

Green  Bay,  lying  to  the  west,  also  connects  with  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Straits — all  the  commerce  of  this  fruitful  region  passing  through  this  passage 
leading  to  the  ports  on  the  lower  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Vessels 
sailing  to  and  from  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Green  Bay  or  Escanaba,  bound  for 
Detroit,  Cleveland,  Buffalo  or  Collingwood,  or  to  Lake  Superior,  are  required 
to  pass  through  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 

The  waters  of  the  Strait  range  from  50  to  250  feet  in  depth,  the  deepest 
part  being  between  Old  Mackinaw  and  Point  St.  Ignace. 
♦  First  couatructed  by  order  of  the  French  Government,  in  1073. — Holmes*  American  Annals. 


MACKINAC   COUNTY MACKINAC   ISLAND.  13. 

..     MAOKINAO  OOUKTY 

Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Chippewa  County,  on  the  west  by  Schoolcraft 
County;  on  the  south  by  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  Lake  Huron  and  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac — being  Y2  miles  in  length,  from  east  to  west,  and  24 
miles  in  width.  The  Islands  included  in  this  county  are  as  follows  :  Macki- 
nac Island,  Hound  Island,  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Marquette  Island,  Les  Chenaux 
Islands,  St.  Helena  Island,  and  the  St.  Martin's  Islands — Mackinac  Island  being 
the  County  Seat.  But  little  has  been  known  or  said  of  the  county  outside 
of  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  and  but  little  improvements  made  up  to  the  present 
time.  The  part  lying  on  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  is  an  almost 
unbroken  wilderness,  except  along  the  shore  facing  the  Straits,  where  reside 
a  few  whites,  half-breeds  and  Indians;  the  county  contained,  in  1874,  2194 
inhabitants. 

The  Marquette  and  Mackinaw  Railroad,  when  completed,  will  run  across 
this  county,  extending  through  Chippewa  and  Schoolcraft  County  to  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

MAOKINAO  ISLAND.  ^^^^^^^^^^^^v^  I    J 

(copied   FUOM    a   late    HIBTOHY   of   MACKINAC.) 

A  beautiful  Island,  located  at  the  Straits,  long  known  as  being  the  most 
picturesque  of  any  on  the  Lakes.  Here  we  see  nature  in  all  its  grandeur  and 
loveliness.  The  wonderful  curiosities  which  abound  here  alone  repays  one 
for  the  travel  of  a  thousand  miles. 

In  addition  to  the  Town  and  Fortress,  the  Arched  Rock,  Lover's  Leap,  Sugar 
Loaf  Rock,  Devil's  Kitchen,  Robinson's  Folly,  Giant's  Stairway,  Pontiac's 
Lookout  and  Chimney  Rock,  arc  objects  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  tour- 
ists and  pleasure  seekers. 

The  shady  walks  and  drives  afford  a  source  of  continued  recreation,  while 
the  rippling  waves  invite  the  spectator  involuntarily  to  sail  on  their  gently 
heaving  bosom  or  bathe  in  their  cool  embrace. 

"  This  Island  appears  io  have  been  designed  by  a  bountiful  Providence  for 
the  comfort  and  pleasure  of  the  people,  and  it  only  remains  for  them  to  ex- 
tend to  it  hat  support  to  which  its  pure  air,  delightful  climate  and  favorable 
situation  entitle  it,  to  make  it  the  Newport  or  Long  Branch  of  the  West.     It 


ll^-  -'^^  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY.  ^'>^-^ 

certainly  seems  beyond  comprehension  that  the  citizens  of  the  hundreds  of 
cities  of  our  great  Republic  should  pass  by  this  favorable  resort  to  groan  and 
Bwcltcr  amongst  petrolia  and  shoddy,  at  Saratoga  and  Cape  May."  ■"'"  ' * 

v^  ^;tij;  ^?^.>;^;  Early  History  of  tlie  Island.  'i  ^-i^.  ;!*.;  sdif,;.;!^^ 

This  Island,  as  far  back  as  we  have  any  account  of  it,  has  been  a  place  of 
great  interest.  It  received  its  original  name  from  the  Indians.  An  old  legend 
relates  that  a  large  number  of  these  people  were  once  assembled  at  Point  St. 
Ignace,  and  while  intently  gazing  at  the  rising  of  the  sun,  during  the  Great 
Manitou,  or  February  Moon,  they  beheld  the  island  suddenly  rise  up  from 
the  water,  assuming  its  present  form.  From  the  point  of  observation,  it  bore 
a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  back  of  a  huge  turtle,  hence  they  gave  it  the 
name  Moc-chc-ne.-mock-c-nung,  which  means  a  great  turtle.  This  name  when 
put  in  a  French  dress,  became  Mkhilimackinac.  From  the  island  it  passed 
to  the  adjacent  points.  In  some  connections  in  the  early  history,  the  name 
is  applied  to  the  section  as  a  whole ;  in  others,  to  the  point  north  of  the 
Straits ;  but  more  frequently,  to  that  south  of  the  Straits  now  known  as  Old  ■ 
Mackinaw.  The  term  is  now  obsolete,  except  as  applied  to  the  county  which 
lies  immediately  north  of  the  Straits  in  which  the  island  is  included.  The 
island  has  now  taken  upon  itself  the  name  of  Mackinac,  being  an  abbreviation 
of  the  original  French  name.  '•'«'    '^  ^'^'-v--'  ,.'....u«    .,,-.<-..-.  .;>.^ 

'.  ,.^,j  Indian  Traditions.  .rj^-j^^b-^oi; 

Indian  mythology  makes  this  Island  the  homo  of  the  Giant  Fairies,  hence 
the  Indians  have  always  regarded  it  with  a  species  of  veneration.     The  day 
is  still  within  the  memory  of  many  individuals  now  living  on  the  island  when 
the  heathen  Indians,  in  passing  to  and  fro  by  its  shores,  made  offerings  of 
tobacco  and  other  articles  to  these  Great  Spirits  to  propitiate  their  good  will. 
These  fairies,  we  are  told,  had  a  subterranean  abode  under  the  island,  the 
entrance   to  Avhich   was  near  the  base  of  the  hill,  just  below  the  present- 
southern  gate  of  the  fort.     An   old  Indian,  Chees-a-kce,  or  Spiritualist,  who  :. 
once  encamped  within  the  limits  of  the  present  garrison,  is  related  to  have  . 
visited  this  abode  of  the  fairies  under  the  following  circumstances:  During- 
the  night,  while  wrapt  in  the  unconsciousness  of  a  sound  slumber,  one  of 
these  spirits  approached  the  place  where  he  was,  laid  his  shadowy  hand  upon  5 


.TT    MACKINAO   ISLAND.  4  15 


V 


him  and  beckoned  him  to  follow.  In  obedience  to  T,he  myBterious  request, 
his  spirit  left  the  body  and  went  with  the  fairy.  Together  they  entered  into 
the  mystic  dwelling-place  of  the  spirits.  Here  the  Checsakee  was  infro- 
duced  to  the  Great  Spirits  assembled  in  solemn  conclave.  lie  was  lost  in 
wonder  and  admiration  at  what  he  saw  around  him.  The  place  where  they 
•  were  assembled  seemed  to  be  a  very  large  and  beautiful  wigwam.  After 
spending  some  time  in  the  fairy  abode,  the  master  spirit  of  the  assembly 
directed  one  of  the  lesser  spirits  to  show  the  Indian  out  and  conduct  him 
back  to  his  body.  What  were  the  proceedings  of  that  assembly,  the  Indian 
could  not  be  induced  to  tell,  nor  were  the  particulars  of  what  he  saw  during 
that  mysterious  visit  ever  made  known  to  the  red  men.  From  their  fairy 
abodes,  these  spirits  issued  forth  at  the  twilight  hour  to  engage  "with  rapids 
step  and  giddy  whirl  in  their  mystic  danoe." 

Something  of  the  feeling  of  veneration  which  the  red  men  had  for  this,  to 
them,  enchanted   island  may  be  learned  from  the  following  soliloquy  of  an, 
old  Indian  chief.     He  was  just  leaving  the  island  to  visit  his  friends  in  the 
Lake  Superior  country.     The  shades  of  night  were  falling  around  him  and 
the  deep  blue  outlines  of  the  island  were  dimly  shadowed  forth.     As  he  sat  |. 
upon  the  deck  of  the  steamer  and  watched  the  "lovely  isle"  fast  receding^;, 
from  his  view,  memory  was  busy  in  recalling  the  scenes  of  by-gone  days  and 
the  emotions  of  his  heart  found  expression  in  these  words : 

"  Mock-che-ne-mock-e-nung,  thou  isle  of  the  clear,  deep-water  lake,  how 
soothing  it  is,  from  amidst  the  curling  smoke  of  my  opawgun  (pipe)  to  trace  , 
thy  deep  blue  outlines  in  the  distance;  to  call  from  memory's  tablets  the 
traditions  and  stories  connected  with  thy  sacred  and  mystic  character.  How 
sacred  the  regard  with  which  thou  hast  been  once  clothed  by  our  Indian 
seers  of  by-gone  days.  How  pleasant  in  imagination  for  the  mind  to  picture 
and  view,  as  il  now  present,  the  time  when  the  Great  Spirit  allowed  a  peace- 
ful stillness  to  dwell  around  thee,  when  only  light  and  balmy  winds  were 
permitted  to  pass  over  thee,  hardly  ruffling  the  mirror  surface  of  the  waters 
that  surrounded  thee  ;  or  to  hear  by  evening  twilight,  the  sound  of  the  Giant 
Fairies  as  they,  with  rapid  step  and  giddy  whirl,  dance  their  mystic  dance  on 
thy  limestone  battlements.  Nothing  then  disturbed  thy  quiet  and  deep  soli- 
tude but  the  chippering  of  birds  and  the  rustling  of  the  leaves  of  the  silver- 
barked  birch."     But  these  Aiiry  spirits  have  long  since  deserted  their  island 


IG  MACKINAC  AND   ITS  VICINITY. 

home  and  gone  we  know  not  where,  and  tiie  race  of  beings  in  whose  imagi- 
nation they  lived  has  also  well  nigh  passed  away.  7-  : 

..      American  Tur  Company. 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  the  Island,  since  the  War  of  1812,  has  been 
Hs  connection  with  the  fur  trade  carried  on  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  of  New 
York.  Previous  to  1809  an  association  of  traders  existed,  called  the  Macki- 
nac Company,  but  at  that  date  Mr.  Astor  organized  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany. Two  years  after  this  he  bought  out  the  Mackinac  Company  and. 
established  a  new  company  known  as  the  Southwest.  During  the  winter 
of  1815  and  1816  Congress  enacted  a  law  that  no  foreigner  should  engage  in 
trade  with  the  Indians  who  did  not  become  a  citizen,  and  after  this  Mr.  Astor 
again  established  the  American  Company,  which  organized  with  a  capital  of 
two  million  dollars.  It  had  no  chartered  right  to  a  monopoly  of  the  Indian 
trade,  yet  by  its  wealth  and  influence  it  virtually  controlled  that  trade 
through  a  long  series  of  years.  The  outposts  of  the  company  were  scattered 
throughout  the  whole  West  and  Northwest.  This  Island  was  the  great  cen- 
tral mart.  The  goods  were  brought  from  the  company's  storehouse  from 
New  York  by  way  of  the  Lakes,  and  from  Quebec  and  Montreal  by  way  of  the 
Ottawa,  Lake  Nipissing  and  French  River,  and  from  this  point  they  were 
distributed  to  all  the  outposts,  while  from  all  the  Indian  countries  the  furs 
were  annually  brought  down  to  the  Island  by  the  company's  agents,  whence 
they  were  sent  to  New  York,  Quebec,  or  the  various  markets  of  the   Old 

« 

An  Hotel  called  the  Astor  House  now  forms  part  of  the  premises  used  by 
the  American  Fur  Company,  standing  near  the  steamboat  landing.    , 


PLACES  WOETH  SEEINa  ON  THE  ISLAND. 

"  We  may  now  proceed  to  visit  the  various  places  of  interest.  Starting 
from  Fort  Mackinac,  let  us  follow  the  foot-path  along  the  brow  of  the  bluff 
overlooking  the  eastern  part  of  the  town.  If  fond  of  natural  scenery,  w© 
shall  be  delighted  with  the  grand  panorama  of  nature,  the  successive  scenes 
of  which  will  be  presented  to  us  as  we  proceed.  Half  or  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  from  the  Fort,  at  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  Island,  is  the  overhang- 
ing cliff  known  as  '  Robinson's  Folbj^^  rising  128  feet  perpendicular  above  the 


PLACES    WORTH    SEEING    ON    THE    ISLAND. 


17 


water.  The  following  is  the  interesting  history  of  this  point:  After  the 
removal  of  the  fort  to  the  Island  in  1780,  Captain  Robinson,  who  then  com- 
manded the  post,  had  a  summer-house  built  upon  this  cliff.  This  soon 
became  a  place  of  frequent  resort 
for  himself  and  his  brother  offi- 
cers. Pipes,  cigars  and  wine  were 
called  into  requisition,  for  at  the 
time  no  hospitality  or  entertain- 
ment was  complete  without  them, 
and  thus  many  an  hour  that  would 
h.ive  been  lonely  and  tedious, 
passed  pleasantly  away.  After  a 
few  years,  however,  by  the  action 
of  the  elements,  a  portion  of  this 
cliff,  with  the  summer-house,  was 
precipitated  to  the  base  of  the 
rocks,  which  disastrous  event  gave 
rise  to  the  name.  Around  the 
beach  below  is  a  confused  mass  of 
debris,  the  remains,  doubtless  of 
the  fall. 

i'  A  little  to  the  north  of  '  Robin- 
son's Folly'  may  be  seen  an  im- 
mense rock  stand  out  boldly  from 
the  mountain's  side,  near  the  base 
of  which  is  a  very  beautiful  little 
arch  of  the  '  Arch  of  the  Giant's 
StairioayJ  This  arch  is  well  worth 
the  trouble  of  a  visit. 

"  A  walk  along  the  beach  north- 
ward from  this  point  is  somewhat 
difficult,  on  account  of  the  large 
portions  of  the  cliffs  which  have 
i.i  places  been  precipitat  d  to  the 

water's  edge,  but  a  good  foot-path  along  the  brow  of  the  bluff  brings  us, 
with  only  a  few  minutes'  walk,  to  the  famed  '  Arch  Rock '  (see  engrav- 
ing). This  is  one  of  Nature's  freaks  which  must  be  seen  to  be  appreciated. 
Words  cannot  fully  describe  it  in  all  its  grandeur.  It  is  a  magnificent 
natural  arch  spanning  a  chasm  of  eighty  or  ninety  feet  in  height,  and 
forty  or  fifty  in  width.  The  summit  of  this  rock  is  one  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  Its  abutments  are  composed  of  cal- 
careous rock,  and  the  opening  underneath  the  arch  has  been  produced  by  the 
falling  down  of  the  great  masses  of  rock  now  to  be  seen  on  the  beach  below. 
A  path  to  the  right  leads  to  the  brink  of  the  arch,  whence  the  visitor,  if  suf- 
ficiently reckless,  may  pass  to  its  summit,  which  is  about  three  feet  in  width. 
Here  we  see  twigs  of  cedar  growing  out  of  what  appears  to  be  solid  rock, 
2 


eobinson's  follt. 


18  .        MACKINAC   AND   ITS  VICINITY. 

while  in  the  rear  and  on  either  hand  the  lofty  eminence  is  clothed  with  trees 
and  shrubbery — maple,  birch,  poplar,  cedar  and  balsam —giving  to  the  land- 
scape richness  and  variety;  before  us  are  the  majestic  wato -s  o.f  Lake  Huron, 
dotted  in  the  distance  with  islands.  "We  may  no>7  descend  through  the  great 
chasm,  *  arched  by  ilie  hand  of  God,'  and  at  the  base  of  the  projecting  angle 
of  the  main  rock  find  a  second  arcli,  iess  magnificent,  but  no  less  curious  and 
wonderful.  Passing  under  this,  we  soon  reach  the  beach  below,  whence  the 
view  is  particularly  granu  nnd  imposing.  The  mighty  arch  seems  suspended 
in  mid-air  above  us,  and  as  wc  gaze  upon  it,  lost  in  wonder  and  admiration, 
we  exclaim  with  the  Psalmist,  *  Lord,  what  is  man  that  thou  takest  know- 
lodge  of  him,  or  the  son  of  man  that  Thou  makest  account  of  him  1'  Foster 
and  Whitney  say  of  this  rock:  'The  portion  supporting  the  arch  on  the 
north  side,  ar.  \  the  curve  of  the  arch  itself,  are  comparatively  fragile,  and 
cannot  for  a  long  period  resist  the  action  of  rains  and  frosts,  which  in  this 
latitude,  and  on  ^  rock  thus  constituted,  produce  great  ravages  every  season. 
The  arch  which  now  connects  this  abutment  with  the  main  clilF,  will  soon  be 
destroyed,  as  well  as  the  abutment  itself,  and  the  whole  precipitated  into 
the  lake.' 

"  ^he  following  parody  on  a  popular  song  was  found  written  on  a  stone  near 
the  base  of  Arch  liock,  about  five  years  since : 

"  Beauteous  Isle  1  I  sing  of  thee,     tt^il'^Ji    ■:■       ^  ;:'U'.  A   * 
Mackiuac,  my  Mackinac,  ,.  '       ..,>      .-•'.■ 

Thy  lak  -bound  sliores  I  love  to  see,  r       ' 

Mackinac,  my  Mackinac.  ;'*;..'.•  3   .(   .-v 

From  Arch  Rock's  height  and  shelving  ateep       «*  J^'viM"'?,;  .A'cij   .)/'; 
To  western  cliffs  and  Lover's  Leaj), 
Where  memories  of  the  lost  one  sleep, 
Mackinac,  my  Mackiuac 

•*  Thy  Northern  shore  trod  British  foe, 

Mackinac,  my  Mackinac, 

That  day  saw  gallant  Holmes  laid  low,  "fi'  r?- ol .'■   '^^f^iV  J'l  '' 

Mackinac,  my  Mackinac.  ,^^.,\,-.    1.  i;- ;■  ^fc  •r't  I'"'" '■ 

Now  Freedom's  flag  above  thee  waves,    ..  ^     I    —■       '.  .x ,/ 
And  guards  the  rest  of  fallen  braves, 

■'"*''  Their  requiem  sung  by  Huron's  waves,  ■■■'{ 

Mackinac,  my  Mackiuac."  w    v->  •>,-. '.  •■v! 

"  Taking  the  road  which  leads  into  the  interior  of  the  Island,  we  soon  find 
ourselves  at  the  *  Sugar  Loaf  Mock,'  This  rock  is  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  yards  from  the  foot  of  the  high  ridge,  upon  the  southeast  extremity  of 
which  stands  Fort  Holmes.  The  plateau  upon  which  it  stands  is  about  one 
hundred  and  eighty-four  feet  above  the  lake  giving  an  elevation  of  134  feet 
to  the  rock  itself.  (See  engraving.)  The  composition  of  this  rock  is  the  same 
as  that  of  Arch  Rock.  Its  shape  is  conical,  and  from  its  crevices  grow  a  few 
vines  and  cedars.  It  is  cavernous  and  somewhat  crystalline,  with  its  strata 
distorted  in  every  conceivable  direction.  In  the  north  Bide  is  an  opening  suf- 
ficient in  its  dimensions  to  admit  several  individuals.    Here  one  might  find 


"',',1-    '''(;i    A '>''!' 

:v'.5    "  ',\a«V 


<^ 


'■If 


'3P^ 


)<**!*  —  B*i«lU  ^  -^r- 


ARCH    HOCK, 


18 


AM»  1Tb   VUJIMTY. 


while  in  tJ 
and  slnub 
scapo  rich 
dotted  in  1 
chasm,  *  a 
of  the  mai 
wonderful 
view  is  pa 
in  mid-air 
we  exclai: 
ledge  of  b 
and  Whit: 
north  Bid< 
cannot  fo 
latitude,  a 
The  arch  ' 
destroyed, 
the  lake.' 

"  The  fo 
the  base  o 


■  ^  ^he  lofty  eminence"  is  clolhod  with  trcos 

' ,  cedar  and  balsam — iii^m^f  to  the  land- 

.  U8  are  the  lunjcstic  whI^-j  of  Lake  Huron, 

\Vf!  maynoi'f  d'  ron^h  the  great 


uod,'  and  n 

TT.  h,  le&«  r-... 
•vQ  goon  »  , 
imposing; 

^n/rt  Uf 

Moid,"  , 
n  tbrtl  Tt 


■-'■        \  .I't  iJtcijcoting  angle 

'  tu)  l.-iiB  ciu-jous  and 

U'low,  whence  the 

.  isec-rns  suspended 

r  and  adiui ration, 

,^tuu  lake  St  know- 

of  him  r     Foster 

,r  the  arch  on  the 

!y  fnijrilo,  and 

,  which   'r.  'his 

•s  every  suason. 

T,  will  soon  be 

9>kii  ;^   -iffiiVK  iirecipitated  into 

>l  written  on  a  stone  near 


•OT8  t"  B*^ 


1^»% 


r 


"  Takin 
ourselves 
fifty  yard 
which  Bta 
hundred 
to  the  roc 
as  that  o 
vines  anc 
distorted 
ficient  is 


■  f^  .-—^     .  r  ■ 


1  '   :,    .,,  •...«. 


'■■}..  'i-  ■': 


'^  P*                                                         "     1      ■               TV.-'   <i 

y.'^  .^'»'^v'    V-  •k-^•^  r?;" 

■>    ■ .    ■                    ■ 

f!»f  t!»©  Island,  we  soon  find 

'■■'  about  one  hundred  and 

M.     The  , 

.    utheaiU  extremity  «' 
.1.  stands  is  about  oru. 

'•et  Rbov..  !i 

-tion  of  134  tV-: 

■  uving.)  /r 

■              'li  is  the  sa>ii< 

•  'Uiw.-'fi  is  conit 

•^  and  Biiji 

^ro  W  ft  *''  .'■■ 
'■     its  8tn::  . 

-  ccv^^al  iudi 

ARCK    ROCK, 


.'»> 


PLACES   WORTH   SEEING  ON   THE  ISLAND.  19 

shelter  from  the  most  violent  storm.  "Within  this  opening,  upon  the  smooth 
surfaces  of  the  rock,  ma}-  be  found  the  autographs  of  hundreds  of  eager  asj)!- 
rants  after  immortality.  As  we  take  refuge  in  this  rock  we  are  reminded  of 
the  Rock  of  Ages,  and  led  to  s:ng,  with  the  poet, 

'  Rock  of  Ages,  cleft  for  me, 
Let  me  hide  myself  in  thee.' 

'•  As  we  approach  this  rock  along  the  road,  the  effect  is  grand  and  impos- 
ing. The  patriarch  of  the  ages,  it  lifts  its  hoary  head  high  up  towards 
heaven,  in  utter  defiance  of  the  fury  of  the  elements.  The  view  is  also  very 
fine  from  the  top  of  the  ridge,  whence  by  its  isolated  position  and  bold  form, 
it  strikes  the  beholder  with  wonder  and  admiration. 

"  Let  us  now  return  to  the  Fort,  whence  we  started,  and  again  start  out  in 
a  different  direction.  Half  a  mile  to  the  rear  of  Fort  Mackinac,  and  only  a 
few  yards  to  the  right  of  the  road  that  leads  to*  Early's  farm,  is  *  L  kuU 
Cave,'  noted  as  the  place  where  Alexander  Henry  was  secreted  by  the  Chip- 
pewa chief  Wawatam,  after  the  horrid  massacre  of  the  British  garrison  at  old 
Mackinaw.  The  entrance  to  this  cave  is  at  present  low  and  narrow,  and 
promises  little  to  reward  the  labors  of  exploration. 

"  Two  miles  west  of  the  village  and  fort  is  Early's  (formerly  Michael  Dous- 
man's)  farm.  This  farm  consists  of  a  section  of  land,  and  produces  annually 
large  quantities  of  hay  and  vegetables  of  the  best  quality.  Near  the  house 
now  occupied  by  Mr.  Early,  is  that  relic  of  1812,  the  old  Dousman  house, 
across  the  road  from  which  is  the  battle  ground  hallowed  by  the  blood  of  the 
lamented  Holmes  and  others.  After  the  battle  such  fragments  of  the  slain  as 
had  been  left  on  the  field  by  the  Indians  were  gathered  up  and  buried  near 
the  east  end  of  the  little  mound  or  ridge  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  field 
from  the  road. 

"  Following  the  road  leading  through  this  farm,  we  soon  arrived  at  tho 
^British  Landingy^  so  named  from  the  fact  that  Captain  Roberts,  with  his 
mixed  command  of  English,  French  and  Indians  here  disembarked  his  forces 
to  take  the  place  in  1813.  It  is  also  noted  as  the  point  where  the  American 
troops  under  Colonel  Groghan  effected  a  landing,  under  cover  of  the  guns 
of  the  American  squadron,  on  the  eventful  4th  of  August,  1814. 

"Near  the  northwestern  point  of  the  Island  is  Scott's  or  Flinn's  Cave.  To 
find  this  we  turn  to  the  right  a  few  rods  this  side  of  British  Landing,  and 
follow  an  unfrequented  trail  through  the  woods.  This  cave  is  underneath 
one  of  the  huge  rocks  peculiar  to  Mackinac.  Its  entrance  is  extremely  low, 
but  when  once  inside  the  Goliath  might  stand  erect.  Those  intending  to 
visit  this  cave  should  provide  themselves  with  a  lamp  or  candle,  as  but  an 
occasional  ray  of  sunlight  can  penetrace  its  hidden  chamber. 

"Our  next  tramp  will  be  around  the  high  bluffs  which  bound  the  south- 
western side  of  the  Island.  Leaving  the  town  at  its  western  extremity,  we 
may  follow  the  foot-path  around  those  bluff's,  or  continue  along  the  beach 
close  to  the  water's  edge.  About  a  mile  from  the  village,  as  we  pursue  the 
latter  course,  is  the  *  Devil's  Kitchen,'  a  cavernous  rock,  curious,  both  in  its 


20:  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

formation  and  in  its  name.     Near  it  is  a  spring  of  clear,  cold  water  shaded  by 
evergreens  and  other  trees. 

"A  few  yards  further  on  is  the  famous  "  Lover's  Leap."  Thisr  rock  stands 
out  boldly  from  the  side  of  the  cliff,  and  in  appearance  is  similar  to  the 
Sugar  Loaf  Rock.  There  are  other  points  on  the  Island  to  which  romantic 
visitors  have  applied  this  name,  but  tradition  has  bestowed  the  title  only  on 
this.  William  M.  Johnson,  Esq.,  formerly  a  resident  of  this  village,  gives  ua 
the  following  legend  concerning  it: 

"'The  huge  rock  called  the  ^Lover's  Leap^^  is  situated  about  one  mile 
west  of  the  village  of  Mackinac.  It  is  a  huge  perpendicular  bluff,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet  in  height,  rising  boldly  from  the  shore  of 
the  lake.  A  solitary  pine  tree  formerly  stood  upon  its  brow,  which  some 
vundal  has  cut  down.  vs,' 

'"Long  before  the  pale  faces  profaned  this  island  home  of  the  genii,  Me- 
che-ne-mock-e-nung-a-qfia,  a  young  Ojibwa  girl,  just  maturing  into  woman- 
iiood,  often  wandered  there,  and  gazed  from  its  dizzy  heights  and  witnessed 
the  receding  canoes  of  the  large  war-parties  of  the  combined  bands  of  the 
Ujibwas  and  Ottawas  speeding  south  for  fame  and  scalps. 

"  '  From  this  bluff  she  often  watched  and  listened  for  the  return  of  the  war 
parties,  for  amongst  them  she  knew  was  Ge-uiw-e-gwon,  his  head  decorated 
with  war-eagle  plumes,  which  none  but  a  brave  could  sport.  The  west  wind 
often  wafted  far  in  advance  the  shouts  of  victory  and  death,  as  they  shouted 
and  sang  upon  leaving  Pe-quod-e-nong  (Old  Mackinaw),  to  make  the  traverse 
to  the  Spirit  of  Fairy  Island. 

;.  ♦' '  One  season,  when  the  war  party  returned,  she  could  not  distinguish  his 
familiar  and  loved  war-shout.  Her  spirit  told  her  that  he  had  gone  to  the 
spirit  land  of  the  west.  It  was  so  ;  an  enemy's  arrow  had  pierced  his  breast, 
and  after  his  body  was  placed  leaning  against  a  tree,  his  face  fronting  his 
enemies,  he  died,  but  ere  he  died  he  wished  the  mourning  warriors  to 
remember  him  to  the  sweet  maid  of  his  heart.  Thus  he  died,  far  away  from 
home  and  the  friends  he  loved. 

" '  Me-che-nc-mock-a-qua's  heart  hushed  its  beatings,  and  all  the  warm 
emotions  of  thai,  heart  were  chilled  and  dead.  The  moving,  living-spirit  of 
her  beloved  Ge-niw-e-gwon  she  witnessed  continually  beckoning  her  to 
follow  him  to  the  happy  hunting  grounds  of  spirits  in  the  west;  he  appeared 
to  her  in  human  shape,  but  was  invisible  to  others  of  his  tribe. 

" '  One  morning  her  body  was  found  mangled  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The 
soul  had  thrown  aside  its  covering  of  earth,  and  had  gone  to  join  the  spirit 
of  her  beloved  Ge-niw-e-gwon,  to  travel  together  in  the  land  of  spirits 
realizing  the  glories  and  bliss  of  a  future,  eternal  existence.' 

"Some  little  distance  further  on  is  ^Chimney  Rock,'  which  Professor 
Winchcll  denominates  one  of  the  most  remarkable  masses  of  rock  in  this  or 
any  otlur  State. 

"  A  foot-path  which  leads  from  the  beach  or  base  of  the  <  Lover's  Leap  '  to 
the  plateau  above,  brings  us  to  the  old  Davenport  farm,  now  owned  by  U.  S. 
Hubbard,  of  Chicago. 


DESCRIPTION    OF   MACKINAC   ISLAND.  •  21 

"Having  6ow  made  the  circuit  of  the  Island,  let  us  once  more  ascend  to 
Fort  Holmes,  take  our  seats  upon  tbe  high  station  built  Fome  years  si:  ce  by 
the  government  engineers,  and  look  around  us.  The  Island  lies  at  our  feet, 
and  we  can  see  almost  every  part  of  it.  The  little  clearinfrs  seen  in  various 
places  were  once  gardens  cultivated  by  American  sok.ii.rs.  That  in  the 
vicinity  of  Arch  Rock  was  called  the  'Big  Garden.'  In  1812,  when  the 
English  captured  the  Island,  the  clearing  on  the  high  plateau  back  of  the 
Fort  Holmes  was  planted  with  potatoes,  and  when  the  Americans  came  back 
to  take  possession  of  the  Island  in  the  spring  of  1815  the  English  not  having 
cultivated  it  during  the  time,  were  compelled  to  plow  it  up  and  )  lant  it,  ihiit, 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  they  might  leave  everything  as  they 
found  it.      -r 

"  As  we  gaze  upon  the  adjacent  islands  and  main  land  memory  is  busy  with 
the  scenes  of  the  past.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  only  bark  canoes 
dotted  the  surface  of  the  lake.  A  few  years  later  the  songs  of  the  Canadian 
voyageur,  as  he  rowed  or  paddled  his  large  batteau,  echoed  and  re-echoed 
around  the  shores.  Now  the  shrill  whistle  of  the  propeller  is  heard,  and  the 
white  sails  of  hundreds  of  vessels  are  spread  to  the  breeze.  The  first  vessel 
ever  seen  on  these  waters  was  the  Griffin,  in  1G79,  and  the  first  steamer  was 
the  Walk-in-the-Water,  in  1819.  It  would  be  difficult  to  estimate  the 
amount  of  wealth  which  is  annually  carried  through  these  Straits.  During 
the  season  of  navigation  from  ten  to  fitty  sails  may  always  be  seen  passing  up 
and  down  through  the  Straits,  and  almost  every  hour  in  the  day  from  one  to 
ten  propellers  are  in  full  view. 

"  Some  four  or  five  miles  to  the  northwest  of  us  lies  the  mixed  Canadian 
and  Indian  settlement  of  Point  St.  Ignace.  This  was  the  second  place  settled 
in  the  State  of  Michigan,  the  Saut  being  the  first.  At  the  head  of  East 
Moran  Bay,  some  little  distance  north  of  the  church,  is  the  site  of  the  mission 
established  by  Marquette  in  1671,  some  remains  of  which  may  yet  be  seen. 

"  Further  north  is  the  bluff  called  ^liabbit  Sittivg.^  Northeasterly  the  St. 
Martin  Islands,  the  entrance  to  the  Cheneaux  and  the  dividing  ridge  between 
this  and  the  Saut  St.  Mary.  On  the  northeast  is  Point  Detour,  and,  though 
thirty-five  miles  distant,  vessels  may  sometimes  be  seen  entering  St.  Mary's 
River.  Round  and  Eois  Blanc  Islands  lie  to  the  southeast  of  us,  beyond 
which,  at  the  distance  of  eighteen  miles,  is  Cheboygan,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  This  place  is  advantageously  located,  and  is 
growing  rapidly;  it  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit." 


-^;-^  "  -       DESOEIPTION  OP  MAOKINAO  ISLAND. 

FROM  THE  REPORT  OF  ASSISTANT  SURGEON,  CARLOS  CARVALLOS,  U.  S.  ARMY,  1873. 

"  The  Island  of  Mackinac,  three  and  a  quarter  miles  long  and  two  miles 
wide,  though  not  the  largest  is  the  most  picturesque  and  inhabited  of  the 
small  group  constituting  the  archipelago  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac.     Its  fa- 


22  •  .'       MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

vorable  position  commanding  the  passage  of  the  Straits,  has  gained  for  it  the 
title  of  the  '  Key  of  the  West,'  '  The  Gibraltar  of  the  Lakes,'  whereas  its 
beauty  has  caused  it  to  be  variously  styled  as  '  Queen  of  Isles,.'  '  Rock  Girt, 
Fairy  Island,'  -Lovely  Isle,'  'Beautiful  Island,'  &:c. 

"It  is  higher  than  any  other  of  the  adjacent  islands  or  the  surrounding 
indented  shores  of  the  north  and  southern  peninsulas  of  Michigan.  It  is 
girded  by  limestone  battlements  and  cliifs,  which  rise  abruptly  100  to  150 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  from  which  crop  out  perpendicularly 
here  and  there  from  the  sides  of  the  hills  steep  pinnacles  to  the  height  of  130 
to  145  feet.  The  island  also  shows  distinct  terra^,es  or  plateaus,  the  highest  of 
which  extends  318  feet  above  the  surrounding  waters.  The  hills  are  covered 
with  a  dense  growth  of  cedars  and  everlastings,  which  appear  to  extend  from 
the  water's  edge  to  the  summit  of  the  island. 

"  The  rocks  recede  somewhat  from  the  beach  on  the  northern  and  north- 
west shore,  and  olier  a  pass  or  interruption  at  the  spot  known  as  the  '  British 
Landing.'  The  limestone  cliffs  on  its  southern  and  southwest  shores  also 
recedes  from  the  beach,  making  room  for  the  village,  aud  offers  four  passes 
or  road  paths  to  the  principal  plateau  of  the  Island. 

"On  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  Island,  near  the  '  Mission  House,' 
there  is  un  ovorharging  cliff  127  feet  high,  known  as  ^Robinson's  FoUy^ 
a  portion  of  wiiich  has  fallen  to  the  base  owing  to  the  action  of  the  elements, 
showing  an  extensive  rude  perpendicular  surface  of  rocks,  covered  however 
above  with  green  vegetation.  This  romantic  object  can  easily  be  reached, 
at  its  base,  by  a  foot-j)ath  running  along  the  beach. 

,.  "A  little  north  and  beyond  it  a  high  pinnacle  of  rude  rock  crops  out  from 
the  mountain  side,  near  the  base  of  which  is  a  very  picturesque  arch,  known 
as  the  '■Fairy  Arch^  or  Arch  of  the  '  Giant's  Stairwaj^'  This  spot  is  rather 
diflicult  of  access  owing  to  the  presence  of  huge  rocks  and  an  entangled 
forest.  To  the  north  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on  the  E.  N.  E.  shore  is 
a  natural  bridge  whose  summit  is  150  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake  ;  it 
spans  a  chasm  of  80  feet  high  and  40  feet  wide,  which  has  been  formed  by  the 
rocks  under  the  arch  having  been  washed  down  to  the  beach  and  water 
below.  It  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  '-Arch  Rock^'  and  constitutes  one  of 
the  most  reniarkiible  s'ghts  of  Mackinac. 

"About  150  yards  from  the  base  of  the  ledge  upon  which  Fort  George  is 
situated  (now  called  Fort  Holmes)  stands  a  conical  limestone  rock  134  feet 
high,  upon  a  plater.u  150  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake;  on  its  northern 
side  is  a  cavern  ;  this  rock  is  well  named  ^ Sugar  Loaf  Rock,'  after  its  saccha- 
rine prototype. 

"  On  the  western  base  of  the  hill  upon  which  stands  Fort  Holmes,  is  situ- 
ated a  small  cave  with  a  low  and  narrow  entrance  known  as  ^Skull  Cave,'  where 
the  English  trader  Alexander  Henry  was  hid  during  the  debauchery  of  the 
savages  following  the  confiscation  of  Mr.  Levy's  liquors  in  June,  17G3. 

"  On  the  western  shore  of  the  Island  two  more  isolated  limestone  pinnacl3S 
rise  abruptly  from  the  green  covered  hills,  forming  objects  of  great  interest, 
known  as  '■Chimney  Rock,'  and  ^Lover's  Leap'  (131  and  145  feet  high). 


DESCRIPTION   OF   MACKINAC    ISLAND. 


"  At  the  base  of  the  hills  on  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  Island  is  a  large  cave 
known  as  ^ScotVs  Cave,'  capable  of  holding  several  persons  standing  erect. 
Its  entrance,  however,  is  low  on  the  western  shore ;  close  to  the  beach  at  the 
base  of  an  outersloping  rock  is  a  cavernous  opening,  made  by  the  constant 
penetration  of  the  waves,  called  the  ^Devil's  KitchenJ 

"The  interior  of  the  Island,  mostly  densely  wooded,  is  irregular,  and  con- 
sists of  hills  and  dales,  being  well  calculated  by  nature  for  a  park.  The 
limits  of  the  (Grovernment  Reservation  are  supposed  to  include  upwards  of  one 
third  of  the  Island. 

Geological  Formation. — "  The  Island  of  Mackinac  is  a  mass  of  calcareous 
rock  formerly  a  portion  of  the  bed  of  Lake  Huron,  which  was  once  continuous 
with  the  neighboring  main  land  now  bordering  the  '  Straits,'  and  which 
became  isolated  by  denudation  during  the  continued  glacial  period  and  that 
of  the  floods  which  followed  it.  Probably  the  action  or  the  sea,  while  under 
■water,  may  have  assisted  in  its  separation  from  the  main  land.  Its  aqueous 
origin  is  unmistakably  manifested  at  the  height  of  250  feet  above  the  Avaters 
which  bathe  its  shores.  For  the  same  process  by  which  its  limestone  are 
being  brecciated  under  our  eyes  at  the  present  time  by  the  ever-present  action 
of  the  waters  at  the  Devil's  Kitchen  on  its  western  shore,  existed  when  the 
sea  washed  the  level  of  Skull  Ilock,  Scott's  Cave,  or  even  Sugar  Loaf,  or  the 
openings  of  Arch  Rock. 

"The  distinctly  visible  terraces  from  the  beach  to  the  road,  thence  to  the 
base  of  the  clitf  upon  which  the  fort  stands ;  the  further  sterations  which 
arise  between  it  and  Fort  Holmes,  together  with  the  fact  that  worn  rounded 
pebbles,  arranged  and  assorted  according  to  sizes  are  found  upon  digging 
into  the  earth  two  or  three  feet  along  the  line  indicated,  identical  with  those 
found  at  the  present  time  on  the  beach,  leave  no  doubt  as  to  its  submarine 
origin  and  antiquity.  The  waters  have  subsided,  no  doubt,  but  there  has 
also  probably  been  an  upheaval  of  the  Island  and  its  adjacent  promontories." 


■3  ....'.+ -   u<^' 


,^  ,;,,  The  Straits  of  Mackinac— The  Opening  for  Twenty-two  Years. 
.,  V  The  following  Table  gives  the  dates  of  the  opening  of  the  Straits  for  twenty- 
two  years,  including  the  present. 


1854, 
1855, 
1856, 
1857, 
1858, 
1859, 
1860, 
1861, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 


April  25. 

18G5,  . 

May  1. 

18G6, 

May  2. 

18G7,  . 

May  1. 

18G8, 

April  G. 

1869,  . 

April  4. 

1870, 

April  13. 

1871,  . 

April  25. 

1872, 

April  18. 

1873,  . 

April  17. 

1874, 

April  23. 

1875,  . 

April  21. 
April  20. 
April  23. 
April  19. 
April  23. 
April  3. 
April  3. 
April  28. 
April  30. 
April  29. 
May  6. 


24  :  ^     MACKINAC    AND    ITS   VICINITY. 

^         '    V      Mean  Animal  Temperatnre  for  24  Tears.         '       '    ..  t 

'  '}'  BY   MONTUS  AND   SEASONS.  .  ' 

Fort  Mackinac,  45°  51^  N.  Lat. ;  Altitude,  700  feet. 

March,     April,     May,     Juno,     .July,     August,     Sept.,      Oct.,      Nov.,      Dec,     Jan.,     Feb., 
25.68        37.03      47.47      57.31       G5.55         04.05        55.08       45.17    34.30      23.12      19.37      17.60 

Seasons  and  Year. 
Spring,  Summer,  Autumn,  Winter,  Yearly  Mean,     ,      ,.;. 

36.73  61.97  43  85  20.05  40.65  Fahr. 

Fort  Brady,  46°  30^  N.  Lat. ;  Altitude,  600  feet. 

March,      April,     May,     June,     July,      August,      Sept.,     Oct.,     Nov.,     Dec,     Jan.,     Feb., 
26.16        38.31      49.34      58.40      64.73  62.90        54.57      43.56      32.50    21.50      17.22     16.20 

Seasons  and  Year. 
Spring.  Summer,  Autumn,  Winter,  Yearly  Mean, 

37.60  62.00  43.54  18.31  40.37  Fahr. 

Note. — The  spring  months  are  colder  in  Mackinac  than  at  Fort  Brady 
(Saut  Ste  Marie)  by  about  one  degree  Fahr.  The  winter  months  are  v:^:rmer 
in  Mackinac  than  at  Fort  Brady  by  about  two  degrees,  as  shown  by  obst.  vu,- 
tion  while  the  yearly  mean  temperature  is  a  trifle  lower  at  I''ort  Brady  than 
at  Fort  Mackinac. 


MAOKINAO-TOWN  AND  POETEESFI. 

This  important  Town  and  Fortress,  the  capital  of  Mackinac  County,  Michi- 
gan, is  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  N.  lat.  45°  51^,  W.  long. 
84°  33^  from  Greenwich,  being  1  degrees  30  minutes  W.  from  Washington ; 
elevation  of  the  Fort,  150  feet  above  Lake  Huron  and  V28  feet  above  the 
ocean ;  mean  annual  temperature,  41°  Fahrenheit.  It  is  340  miles  north  of 
Chicago ;  90  miles  south  of  Saut  Ste  Marie,  by  steamboat  route,  (only  60 
miles  by  direct  line,)  and  about  300  miles  north-west  from  Detroit. 

The  town  contains  a  court  house  and  jail,  a  Roman  Catholic  Church,  a 
Presbyterian  Mission  Church,  and  an  Episcopal  Church  (temporary  building), 
a  Union  school-house;  12  or  15  stores  and  curiosity  shops,  3  steamboat 
docks,  and  a  fine  beach  where  may  usually  be  seen  a  number  of  Indian 
canoes.  Heie  are  five  hotels  or  public  houses,  the  Island  House,  the  Mission 
UousBf  Astor  House  (old  American  Fur  Company's  building),  Commercial 
Mouse,  and  the  Lake  View  House,  besides  several  well-kept  boarding  houses, 
which  are  all  usually  filled  to  overflowing  during  the  summer  months. 


Vi.- 


MACCIHA^*    F»OM    Tlje    UAaKOft. 


>-i 


t;--     .      ■    _■  ."  ■,.    '>-        ■!^ 


24 


84 
nl< 
oc 
CI 
m 


I 


ltA^T^JK*^C   tmiam  VICINITY. 

Aft«*««2  *"        mtntft  fbr  24  Tears.     . 

'  ,  .>t,     Nov.,     Doc,     Jan.,     Feb., 

M«  '  ,    n     ;h'.30      2:}  12     19-37      IT.t'O 


;>*.^r.y,  40»  30  Altitude,  600  feet.  '  •    . 

^  IW.^        :  ^'iVW        «*'*^     *»•''*«     32.50    21.50      17#iHW0 

I  ,.  An'  '<.'H  Winter,  Yoarly  Mean,      .       ... 

J.  lg.31  40  37  Fahr.        - 

ur   ill   Miickinac  than   fti  F<).rl   Bmdy 

J  F^hr.     The  winter  months  art.  Ku(r»wr 

(S*  i.  fu..o  dogreea,  as  sbuwu  by  obsi^rva- 

»n  ^.;.,  iS  ft  trifle  lower  at  Fort  Hra.lv  ^haii 

tlO 

ai 


f  iifli)  rOETEESS, 

i  pi tal  of  Mackinac  County,  Michl- 
.     gl.vna    .:  «^*«ti«  name,  in  N.  lat.  45°  51^  W.  long. 

u<^ing  t  #:-  ••'  minutes  W.  from  Washington  ; 

feRt  above  Lc*ise  Hiiron  and  728  feet  above  the 
'jtm,  4P  FtthrenhcH.     It  is  340  miles  nofth  of 
:%  Ste  Marie,  by  stearaboai  rowte,  (only  GO 
»^8  joerthfe- west  from  Detroit. 
4  iaU,  a  Boman  Catholic  Churchy  a 
\f^aQl^,  ,^  Church  (temporary  bnilding), 

:^»ejl2  ,?SoBity  j*h«t|^J  et«iawboat 

Ameri«An   Ftt*  h^Eding),    C?b«tm€mai 

.^.  foMlden  f  I  t»^*r<nuf  houses, 

: >w is**  dHriBg  til o  sum ia«r  aa on th  a. 


e..oss5JP»'"-' 


MACKINAC  FROM  THE  HARBOR. 


MACKINAC — TOWN    AND   FORTRESS.  25 

In  connection  with  the  healthy  climatic  influence  which  pervades  the 
Island  of  Mackinac,  and  the  near  completion  of  two  lines  of  railroad,  it  seems 
necessary  that  a  magnificent  hotel  should  be,  at  an  early  date,  erected  in  this 
favorite  watering  place,  where  bathing,  boating  and  fishing  can  be  enjoyed 
during  warm  weather,  which  usually  lasts  from  June  to  October. 

The  village  of  Mackinac  is  a  perfect  curiosity,  partaking  somewhat  of  the 
character  of  an  Eastern  seaport.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  bluff,  elevated 
about  150  feet,  and  extends  for  a  distance  of  about  a  mile  around  the  beach. 
Some  of  the  buildings  are  of  modern  architecture,  but  others  are  antique  la 
design  and  appearance.  The  streets  are  irregular,  and  many  of  the  fences  are 
of  the  original  palisade  style.  The  old  American  Fur  Company's  building 
and  out-houses  are  still  objects  of  curiosity.  It  was  the  place  of  de- 
posit and  point  of  departure  for  all  the  merchandise  of  that  company.  Here 
the  late  Ramsey  Crooks  made  it  his  home  for  several  years.  He  was  a 
Scotchman  of  the  old  school  style  of  gentleman,  and  a  confidential  employee 

of  John  Jacob  Astor. 

The  settlement  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac  was  commenced  in  1674,  one 
year  after  the  massacre  at  Old  Mackinaw  ;  in  1793  it  was  surrendered  to  the 
American  Government;  taken  by  the  British  in  1812,  but  restored  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  signed  in  November,  1814. 

Fort  Mackinac,  garrisoned  by  United  States  troops,  stands  on  elevated 
ground,  overlooking  the  picturesque  town  and  harbor  below  as  well  as  the 
adjacent  islands  and  headlands  in  the  distance. 

The  Government  Field,  standing  on  au  elevated  slope,  lying  westward  from 
the  Fort,  contains  a  large,  natural  spring,  which  is  susceptible  of  being  con- 
verted into  a  beautiful  trout  pond  or  miniature  lake.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  the  Federal  Government  own  about  GOO  acres  of  land  which  is  to  bo 
converted  into  a  National  Park;  an  Act  of  Congress,  passed  March  3,  1875, 
provides  for  the  permanent  establishment  of  this  Park. 

Nature  has  done  more  for  the  Island  of  Mackinac  and  its  vicinity  than  any 
other  spot  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes— here  health  and  pleasure  can 
be  enjoyed  while  breathing  the  pure  air  of  this  region.  The  improvement 
of  the  grounds  reserved  for  a  National  Park  will  complete  its  attractions. 


26  MAOKINAO  AND  ITS  VICINITY. 

fij   .  I. ;- ;  ^ ;       Objects  of  Interest  and  Places  of  Eesort. 

Fort  Machinac^  overlooking  the  village  and  Government  Field. 

Fort  Holmes,  elevated  318  feet  above  the  lake.  '. 

Mission  House,  now  used  as  an  Hotel.  .  ■         * 

Robinson's  Folly ^  near  Mission  House  ;  Fairy  Arcli,  and  Base  of  Giant's 
Stairway.     These  objects  of  interest  are  on  the  southeast  end  of  the  Island. 

All  the  above  points  can  be  reached  by  foot-paths,  as  well  as  the  DeviVa 
Kitchen^  Point  Lookout  and  Lovcr^s  Leap,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Island. 

v<i: ':»••>**!'.:{!;'/ v'iiu;;  t.s;{       Carriage  Drives.     •'  - 

Starting  from  the  village  and  proceeding  along  the  west  side  of  the  Island, 
you  pass  the  Fort  or  Citadel,  and  the  Government  Field,  by  a  good  carriage 
road,  then  enter  a  small  growth  of  forest  trees,  proceeding  towards  the  Lasley 
Farm,  near  where  is  the  Devil's  Kitchen,  and  Lover's  Leap,  both  situated  pear 
the  water's  edge.     About  one  mile  north  is  located  Chimney  Rock. 

Resuming  the  trip,  you  pass  through  a  winding  road  overshadowed  by 
branches  of  forest  trees,  until  you  ai)proach  the  Dousman  or  Early  Farm,  situ- 
ated about  two  miles  from  the  village.  This  is  historic  ground,  where  is 
located  the  battle-field  and  burial  place  of  the  killed  of  the  contending  forces, 
American  and  English,  fought  during  the  war  of  1812,  Here  is  now  a  large 
dwelling  house  and  out-houses,  together  with  several  hundred  acres  of  good 
land  under  cultivation. 

Proceeding  northward,  about  one  mile,  the  British  Landing  is  reached,  and 
a  fine  view  is  afforded  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  and  the  opposite  shore, 
\vhere  is  to  be  seen  Point  St.  Ignace,  and  an  old  settlement  of  whites  and 
Indians,  being  four  miles  distant.  Near  this  landing  are  Friendship's  Altar, 
and  Scott's  Cave. 

In  returning  by  the  same  route,  through  the  farm,  soon  a  road  is  reached 
which  leads  to  the  Suyar  Loaf  and  Arched  Rock,  two  natural  objects  of  great 
interest.  Near  by  0-tush-kee-now  Point,  presenting  a  fine  view  from  the 
pebbly  beach. 

Another  road  leads  through  the  centre  of  the  Island  passing  the  Military 
Cemetery  and  Fort  Holmes,  thence  proceeding  to  the  Fort  or  Citadel  in  going 
to  the  town  or  to  the  Mission  House. 

These  drives  are  of  the  most  interesting  character  when  properly  appreci- 


o 

Xi 

K 
o 

E 

> 

OS 


St 


., -Ji.,  ■,  ■■>■ 


Objects  of  T:t*ii^i^fejrt  and  Placos  of  Sosort  ■*'     '" 

.»•#«#«,  ©verl^^w^  iiage  And  GoverHment  Field.  ■ 

,. '■' •'«t/'»,  «!«¥  ■  Aht-^re  the  Tuikkft.        •"'■;■•-'        ■-;■'■  ^.. 

-^  ■  -,I.  -"^^  ■•■•■■.■     ■ 

Hoa««  ;  FaI^t  ArcU,  ftud  Base  of  Giant's 
reBt  are  on  tlie  soutbeast  end  of  the  Island. 
«iii  IIW&  reached  hy  foot-paths,  as  w fell  as  tho  DeuiVa 
■\*:  and  Lover- 9  Lmp-,  o-ti  tfee  west  side  of  the  Island. 

flroift  the  rillftgfr  im-l  pta^Q^uf'ng  along  the  vest  side  of  the  Taland, 

ao  Forf  0t  C  iovernmeat  Field,  by  a  good  carriage 

•in  ent<tr  oi  forest  trees,  procetding  towards  the  Lasley 

iear  wJi«r»tf  h  .'wfc/im,  and  Lover' t  Ijf*xp,  both  situated  near 

.f*se^.  le  north  18  located  Chimner/ Roek,     • 

airii^  .    jvASS  tbrotitgjfe   a   winding  road  ovcrshadov/ed  by 

iiiii  yoa  apfjroach  the  Vouismmt  ot  Early  Farm,  aitu- 

ITO^   the  viUagc.     This  is  historic  gronnd,  where  Is 

ed  til©  |»i*iini-li«?d  iia4  3b«rl!*3  JfWift  of  tlH»  killed  cf  the  contending  forces, 

.    in  and  English,  fiHif-tsd  -  iiM».  war  <»f  tM%.     Uf^.ra  is  now  a  largo 

^fen^iwiij  «tfd  »i**'*lfc^^^  v:!- witjb  s^miklhttudrcd  acres  of  good 

.  *?lvitit^N '-■■■''■■'' ■   ::.",/'■'-"'-■    ■''■\''   .;■  'v'"  "    ,  " 

i^pisn;-  thward,  abont  auc  Kiile,  the  Brit uh  Landing  is  reached,  and 

*  Ikl^  'ofded  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  and  the  opposite  shore, 

1  lNif«jf«  ti*  *  i<?n  Point  St.  Ig«ac«,  and  an  old  Ret*tk«i«a«;  of  wlilt<&R  and 

liRdians,  bcioff  imv  t^d««?  distant.     Near  thi^  l4iadin|f  ar^^  l^firndshlp's  Altar, 

^^Uttsl  B^ott's  Gate       ■■   ■;!:•:;,■-; 

•nrning  ly  '>i  {.v  t^,  tliTongh  the  fam,  soon  a  roa4  i^  r^«<*:hcd 
^.8  to  th*;  v"i«j/ ./  //4FK4f  fe*i4i  Antkfd  Rfick,  two  natural  objects  <.>i'  great 
?fear  1^  Ci^fwrA-&i?tf*«w(«?  Point,   presenting  a  fine  view  from  tho 

T-ti  i^rttls  ihroagh   th^  cu'-ntre  of  the  Island  passing  th^  Military 
t  '    ■'.  ITohnes.  thence  proceeding  to  *b«;  Fort  or  Citadel  in  going 

^      '  ■  •^'  Mission  House. 

^8ik,^#*  4  jS  <:te*  most  interpsting  character  when  properly  apprcci- 


''^.r  .    ■-,? 


'  ARCH   ROCK FORT    MACKINAC. 

ated.  To  do  justice  to  the  scenes  and  objects  of  interest,  at  least  two  days 
should  be  spent,  and  a  good  driver  or  hackman  secured  who  fully  understands 
all  the  points  of  interest. 

Another  mode  of  observation  is,  to  obtain  a  sail  or  row-boat  and  make  a 
circuit  of  t^e  Island,  stopping  at  all  the  most  interesting  points  along  the 
shore.     This  embraces  a  circuit  of  about  9  miles. 


'--'-^■■^■^^^^^^^^^^^  AEOH  ROOK, 

One  of  the  most  interesting  Natural  Curiosities  on  the  Island,  is  thus  described 
by  a  gifted  poet: — 

A    COMPANION    SKETCH    OF    ARCH    ROCK.  j  UJP^ 

After  long  years,  again  tho  Rock  I  view,  ;, 

Far  seen,  far  famed  and  wonder  of  the  Isle. 
„!     „ .,,  The  sunlit  clouds  look  down  •with  quiet  smile, 

.>  t    *'*''"■!  And  roar  of  winds  and  waters  coming  through, 

jj.,  The  mighty  Arcli,  too  suddenly  renew 

■  *  Tho  days  t  f  Long  Ago !    O  vanished  years  I 

tt'>,'>r,*,'4  That  were  but  are  not  now  !  How  can  I  motirn,      , 

As  mourn  I  should,  the  hopes  that  changed  to  fears, 
.if  ¥•';•  The  friends,  "departed,  never  to  return!" 

■■     The  purposes  of  life  that  missed  their  aim  I 

The  faithless  vows  that  were  not  made  to  last  t 
^ir  f  4j*|!|  :|v  The  Arch  for  triuPiph  is  and  loud  acclaim  ; 

^     " '  I  like  the  Indian  as  the  better  name,* 

?-f  " The  Bridge i"  between  the  present  and  the  Past. 

V- <    Mackinac,  August  30, 1874. G*****  D*******,  Ann  Arbor. 

t^  POET  MAOKINAO. 

The  Fort  is  built  on  the  brow  of  the  cliff  overlooking  the  harbor  and  village 
of  Mackinac,  on  the  S.  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  Island,  elevated  150  feet  above 
the  surrounding  waters.  It  consists  of  a  triangular  enclosure,  surrounded 
by  a  massive  stone  wall,  built  by  the  English  in  1780,  embanked  inside  on 
the  west,  north  and  east  side  with  earthworks,  upon  which  there  are  block 
houses  on  the  S.  E.,  N.  W.  and  N.  E.  sides,  which  were  armed  with  guns  in 
the  War  of  1814,  but  which  are  now  used  as  powder  magazine,  blacksmith 
shop  and  store  rooms.  The  enclosure  is  entered  by  two  sally  ports,  one  at 
the  S.  S.  E.  and  N.  N.  W.  sides,  also  by  small  gates  on  the  W.  N.  W.  side, 
near  the  officers  quarters,  on  the  N.  E.  and  E.  side  leading  to  the  hospital, 
and  on  the  S.  S.  W.  end  of  a  staircase  which  leads  to  the  base  of  the  cliff. 

The  Parade  Ground  lies  immediately  north  of  the  Fort,  overlooked  by  old 

*  The  real  Indian  name  is  "  Po-quah-nah  Sipor,"  i.  c,  the  perforated  rocks,  referring  to  tho 
two  arches.  ..  .  -^^-^f-y^f^^irj  -^^, 


28 


MACKINAC   AND   ITS  VICINITY. 


Fort  Holmes,  about  half  a  mile  distant.  The  Military  Reserve  is  an  irregular 
piece  of  ground,  mostly  elevated,  from  150  to  300  feet  above  the  waters  of 
Lake  Huron.  This  beautiful  piece  of  land  is,  for  the  most  part,  covered  with 
a  small  jjrowth  of  forest  trees  ;  through  the  timber  are  carriage  roads  leading 
to  the  cemeteries,  Fort  Holmes,  Sugar  Loaf,  Arched  Rock,  and  the  Early 
Farm  and  Battle-Ground  ;  thence  to  the  English  Landing,  located  near  the 
north  end  of  the  Island. 


•    MISSION  HOUSE-MAOKINAO.  ...,::   .c 

The  Mission  House  now  kept  as  an  hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors, 
was  erected  in  1823,  by  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions,  located  in  Boston,  Mass.,  it  being  erected  on  Government  lands 
facing  the  Straits  on  the  south  side  of  the  Island.  It  was  built  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  M.  Ferry,  who  resided  here  and  conducted 
the  Mission  until  its  abandonment  in  1836.  Here  was  also  erected  a  Mission 
Church  building  which  is  still  standing  near  the  water  facing  the  south, 
being  contiguous  to  the  village. 

The  Mission  House  and  Church  building,  with  about  five  acres  of  land,  was 
purchased  by  E.  A.  Franks,  in  1849,  when  the  Mission  House  was  openec'  s 
an  hotel  by  the  present  proprietor.  In  1870  Commissioners  were  appointed  )y 
an  Act  of  Congress  to  appraise  the  property  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
was  authorized  to  sell  to  E.  A.  Franks  sixteen  acres,  more  or  less,  adjoining 
the  private  claims,  running  east  to  the  waters  of  the  Strait,  near  the  point 
known  as  Robinson's  Folly  and  the  Giant's  Causeway.  These  grounds  are 
most  beautifully  located,  sloping  toward  the  water's  edge,  while  from  the  high 
grounds  or  eminence,  a  grand  view  is  presented  of  the  surrounding  islands, 
straits  and  waters  of  Lake  Huron. 


Altitude  of  Various  Points  on  the  Island  of  Mackinac. 


LOCALITIES. 

Lake  Huron, 
Lake  Superior, 
Mission  House, 
Fort  Mackinac, 
Old  Fort  Holmes, 
Robinson's  Folly, 


Above 

Lako  Huron. 

000 

26 

'^'      40 

150 

318 

128 


Above 
the  »Sca. 
574 
600 
614 
724 
892 
702 


LOCALITIES. 


Above 
Like  Huron. 
Top  of  Arched  Rock,     140 
Summitof  Sugar  Loaf,  284 
Chimney  Rock,  131 

Lover's  Leap,  145 

Principal  Plateau,  160 

Upper  Plateau,  300 


Above 
the  Sea. 
714 
858 
705 
719 
734 
874 


"-#"■ 


'"m 


fimtm^^MtwM. ■. ^..   -.'y^ 

-.   -.-^:->^^'^--^^»:^..^  ,.;:.. 

W'  ^ 

r^''^- 


'-.'/'■■  •  ■  -  '•//■'■    '  •■-•'/  '■.- 


fORt  tiPOttirAO. 


'''■•:'].)' 


i^ 


S|  liAoitisrAC  jiJii)  rra  vicinity, 

:  i  .  ';rt«*,  fttwit  hat/  *  «»U«  «%i.5W)l.  The  Military  Rtservf  ia  an  irre{»ular 
|n*f '.  iif  ]^rt>u»jd,  iaK»*tIj'  «l«i**ife«d;,  f  '-m  ISO  to  300  feet  nbove  the  waters  ot 
luroa.  This  b<^a«Wuj  picctt  of  land  is,  for  the  most  part,  covered  with 
H  m^%\^  growtU  of  foreft  tirtet ;  through  the  timber  are  carriage  roads  leading 
%  li»  fiemeteries.  Fort  Holmes,  Sugar  Louf,  Arched  Rodv,  an4  the  Early 
^/,t«it  Ao4  nAttIe-Ordua<i  i  thence  to  the  Exiglish  Landing,  located  near  the 
iKwrt^- «li4  «»f  tlitj  Island. 

.  ■;:•:,.  ,.■  •■  ■■  m?5gio!r  hotob vikQtmm   ^  ^ 

^%;f*  Wmi>m(  0-^iit**  m)^  kftfti,  »a  »a  hotel  for  the  accotRmodation  of  risitors, 

*«^ 'l*i  iS^H,  "  $i»^t»Cfln  Board  of  Commiji&ioaers  for  fyreign 

•^  Ift  !Ki*i|t«>i&,  llftM  erected  ou   Government  lands 

^fe?-  Ktr*it«  *^  |3|»:  »Qittb  ftidt'  of  the  Island.     It  was  hwiit  under  the 

it«udftnc«  af  th*  E«cr.  |i?^i«u  M.  Ferry,  who  resided  here  and  conducted 

ji  «*-]Csaftflonme»t  La  1836,     Here  was  also  erected  a  xUission 

,  hieh  h  still  ttttttding  ot  ar  the  >vater  facing   the   south, 

'■$  w  the  village.  '      ' 

M  I'mum  attil  €lliill^.fe  btijj^ing.  with  about  ft  v*!  acres  of  laud,  was 

fiurfhiMPsA  hy  &LJU  f  5«!fc*«  thfi  Mission  House  was  opened  as 

ftn  hotel  by  the  prt  j#  l|«»i?  iiloftiBjissionera  were  appointed  by 

.9.0,  A^$  ^ C*r>«}jfr  ;c|x|iWti|¥«i  t*i^  pt%>iftii\y  s.ptd  xh^i-  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 

irt*  A  m  #eli  ^^  Wa  a*  franks  sixteen  acres,  more  or  Ie4s,  adjoining 

-&«t  ^r  ^«^i  running  east  to  the  waters  of  the  Strait,  near  the  point 

knowa  m  ■  ■.  ■    Ti'oHy  a«d  the  Giant's  Causeway.     These  grounds  are 

Qjofitbea;  4o|Ji«gt(>wftrd  the  water's  .'Kige,  while  from  the  high 

j|!rounda  or  eminen;  raod  view  is  presented  of  tfee  wxaftrnM  uids, 

♦^STSfcits  and  waters  of  Lako  ih^ •€*!».  •  •    ; : 

•  ijtifctido  of  Yarlonu  Poixtis  ou  the  Island  of  Mewikinac. 

Top  of  Arched  Rock,     J  40  71-i 

Summit  of  Sucrar  Loaf,  284  853 

Chimney  Kock,  131  705' 

Lover's  Leap,  145  71^ 

Principal  Plateau,  160  73i 

Upper  Plateau,  300  874  > 


Abovo 

Abov*^^ 

y.ako  Iltiron. 

iho  Pea 

ooo 

571 

>r. 

-^: 

600 

%:■. 

40 

614 

150 

vu 

318 

nn 

ns 

702 

FORT   MACKINAC. 


Miles. 
1 


PLACES   OP  INTEREST.  29 

Islands  and  Places  of  Interest  in  tlie  Vicinity  of  Mackinac. 

Round  Island  (Government  Reservation),         .        .        .        V    •    *' 

Bois  Blanc  Island  (East), t        V  '8 

Point  St.  *lgnace  (West), 

East  Moran  Bay,       "             i        *        •  6 

Pointe  la  Barbe,        " 

MacMncw  City  (Old  Mackinaw), ® 

McGulpin's  Point  Light  House,         .         .        .•      .        .        ^         .      ■   *  >? 

West  Moran  Bay  (West), •        •         •'  *^ 

St.  Helena  Island,       "      i     ^ *^ 

Gros  Cap,      -   -r--:  '.^ -'^i'.  %^  "W  ' -.' - ^'■■' '  V'^*    ' 

Waugoshance  Point  and  Light  (West),    .     -rf        ,        ....  20 

St.  Martin's  Islands  (North), 

Les  Cheneaux  Islands  (N.E.), ^^ 

Mouth  of  Carp  River  (North),      ,      ;# ^^ 

Mouth  of  Pine  River,         "       i        ,        V        .         .        •        *        •        •  ^^ 

Cheboygan  (Mouth  River),  (S.  E.),         .       "»        •        .        #      ->        .  18 

Duncan,  -■  "  . 1^ 

•    Spectacle  Reef  and  Light  House  (East),       .        *        •      ,  •        •        ' 

(7/-055  Ft7Zaoe  (Indian  Settlement),  (S.  S.  W.),  .         .        >         ...  30 

Middle  Village  {S.S.W.), •;       ,•        ' 

'     Point  Detour  Light  House  (St.  Mary's  River),  (E.  N.  E.),         .         .         .  35 

45 
Beaver  Island  (West), 

Fetoskey  (Little  Traverse  Bay),  §teamboat  Route, 60 

This  is  the  present  terminus  of  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad. 

Note.— All  the  above  places  can  be  reached  by  sail-boat  or  steamer, 
affording  most  delightful  excursions,  particularly  when  sailing  in  a  Mackinac 
boat  or  canoe,  guided  by  a  skilful  half-breed  or  Indian.  A  trip  to  the  Les 
Cheneaux  Islands  is  described  as  perfectly  enchanting— there  being  a  succes- 
sion of  labyrinths  or  narrow  passages  through  which  the  boat  glides,  afford- 
ing constantly  varied  scenery.  For  boating,  fishing  or  hunting  no  part  of  the 
Upper  Lake  Region  exceeds  the  resorts  within  easy  distance  of  the  Island  of 
Mackinac. 


30  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

'^'  THE  OITT  OP  MAOKINAW, 

Eight  miles  from  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  facing  the  Straits  at  their  narrowest 
point,  lies  on  the  extreme  northern  end  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan, 
where  two  railroads  are  soon  destiaed  to  terminate,  connecting  with  the  Macki- 
naw and  Marquette  Railroad,  now  being  under  construction.  This  is  the  site  of 
old  Fort  Mackinaw,  being  four  miles  distant  from  Point  la  Barbe  and  fivo 
miles  from  Point  St.  Ignace,  on  the  Upper  Peninsula.  On  both  sides  of  the 
Straits,  at  the  above  points,  will  soon,  no  doubt,  spring  up  flourishing  cities, 
affording  all  the  advantages,  as  to  healthy  location,  for  which  this  whole 
region  is  justly  celebrated.  The  immense  commerce  of  the  Upper  Lakes  flow 
through  this  gateway  to  the  East  and  West.  The  sound  of  the  steam  whistle 
of  the  locomotive  is  only  wanting  to  give  active  life  to  this  long-neglected 
locality. 

Preparations  are  being  made  by  Edqab  Conklino,  Esq.,  and  others,  to  build 
up  Mackinaw  City  at  an  early  date.  The  streets,  as  surveyed,  arc  eighty  feet 
in  width,  and  the  avenues  one  hundred  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  respect- 
ively, and  are  to  be  forever  unobstructed  by  improvements  of  any  kind,  shade 
trees  alone  excepted.  The  lots,  with  the  exception  of  those  in  fractional 
blocks,  are  fifty  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  Old  Mackinaw  Point,  where 
may  still  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the  old  "  Fort  Michilimackinac,"  has  been 
reserved  for  a  Public  Park. 

Point  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Co.,  Michigan,  is  an  old  and  important  set- 
tlement situated  on  the  west  shore  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  here  being  but 
four  miles  in  width.  It  lies  four  miles  westi  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac  and 
four  miles  north  of  Old  Mackinaw,  the  latter  situated  on  the  Lower  Peninsula. 
Although  it  is  about  two  hundred  years  since  Father  Marquette  here  estab- 
lished a  Roman  Catholic  Mission,  it  has  not  materially  increased  in  popula- 
tion or  importance.  The  principal  settlement  lies  about  a  mile  north  of  the 
Point,  where  is  located  a  Roman  Catholic  Church,  an  ancient  cemetery,  a 
telegraph  office,  a  school  house,  two  stores  and  two  docks  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  fishing  smacks  or  Mackinac  boats,  as  used  by  the  early  voyageurs. 
The  present  population  of  whites  and  Indians  amounts  to  about  five  hundred. 
^"•Bere  are  two  bays  or  anchorages,  known  as  Church  Bay  and  East  Moran 
Bay,  distant  from  eacb  other  about  one  mile.     The  settlement  is  along  the 


CITY   OF   MACKINAC.  91 

shore  of  these  bays  facing  the  Straits.  The  land  rises  gradually  by  terraces 
to  the  height  of  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet,  presenting  most  charming  sites  fur 
residences.  The  completion  of  the  Marquette,  Sunt  Stc  Marie  and  Mackinac 
Railroad  is  only  needed  to  make  this  place  an  important  commercial  point, 
connecting;  as  it  will,  with  railroads  running  east  and  south  through  t'lo 
State  of  Michigan, 

Xlast  Moran  Bay^  near  Point  St.  Ignack. — This  old  and  important 
Point  is  favorably  coming  into  view  as  the  site  of  a  city  of  the  Straits. 
It  possesses  a  deep  and  well-protected  harbor,  surrounded  by  all  the  require- 
ments necessary  for  a  large  commercial  town.  The  completion  of  the  Mar-- 
quette  and  Mackinaw  Railroad^  terminating  at  Point  la  Barbe,  or  Point  St. 
IgnacC;  alone  is  required  in  order  to  bring  it  into  further  notice  and  insure 
its  prosperity.  Already  it  is  proposed  to  here  construct  a  Dry  Dock  for  the 
benefit  of  the  commerce  of  the  Straits.  No  better  site  can  be  selected  for  ship- 
building and  the  repairing  of  disabled  vessels,  than  this  secure  bay.  By  an 
examination  of  the  chart  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  it  will  be  seen  the  depth 
of  water  is  sufficient  for  floating  the  largest  class  of  vessels  navigating  the 
Great  Lakes.  The  wealth  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  consisting  of  iron,  copper, 
slate  and  silver  can  here  be  readily  shipped  to  Detroit,  Cleveland,  Erie  and 
Buffalo  ;  while  other  traffic  can  flow  eastward  or  southward  by  the  railroad 
routes  leading  to  Grand  Rapids,  Detroit  and  Cincinnati. 

Point  la  Barbe,  three  miles  west  of  Point  St.  Ignace,  is  a  noted  headland. 
Three  miles  northwest  lies  West  Moran  Bay^  where  is  a  smaU  scattered  settle- 
ment of  whites  and  half-breeds.  -  'v 
■  The  Island  op  St.  Helena  is  a  low  island,  thirteen  miles  west  of  Mackinac, 
with  a  good  harbor,  where  is  a  light-house  to  guide  the  mariner  through  the 
Straits.     ''                         -'            ■     •-  ■                                   *      * 

Cross  Cap,  Mackinac  County,  Michigan,  is  a  bold  promontory  situated  near 
West  Moran  Bay ;  it  lies  fifteen  miles  northwest  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac. 
Here  is  an  agricultural  and  fishing  settlement,  consisting  of  about  one  hun- 
dred inhabitants — whites,  half-breeds  and  Indians.  Wheat,  oats,  corn,  vege- 
tables and  fruit  are  here  produced  in  abundance, 

■  IjCS  Cheneux  Islands,  situated  near  the  north  shore  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan,  distant  15  miles  from  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  northerly, 
consists  of  a  group  of  about  one  hundred  picturesque  islands,  two  of  the 


32  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

Iftrgost  l)einK  known  as  Marquette  Island  and  La  Salle  Island.  The  others  are 
mostly  small  wooded  isles,  affording  nj\vigable  passages  of  the  most  irregular 
kind.  Here  resides  Father  A.  D.  J.  Piret,  called  the  "Hermit  of  Chenoiix." 
An  Indian  chief  named  Bi-ba-misa,  of  thcChippewa  tribe,  also  resides  on  Isle 
Marquette.  Fishing  and  hunting  can  here  be  enjoyed  by  ])Uasnrc-travellers. 
Biack  bass,  pickerel,  perch,  &c.,  and  wild  fowl  being  abundant  at  most 
seasons.  Sail  boats  and  small  steamers  are  used  to  convey  passengers  to 
and  from  this  favorite  resort,  being  the  most  attractive  of  any  place  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Island  of  Mackinac. 

Scammon's  IIakhou  is  the  entrance  between  La  Salle  Island  and  Boot  Is- 
land, one  of  the  Les  Chcneux  group.  This  is  a  secure  harbor  for  vessels  of 
a  large  class.  Here  are  Government  works  for  the  construction  and  repair  of 
light-houses.  The  entrance  is  surrounded  '  -  ^'gh  islands  of  a  romantic 
character.  This  is  a  hno  fishing  station,  whe»:  iackinac  trout,  bass,  white 
fish  and  speckled  trout  are  taken  in  abundance.  On  the  main  land  are  sev- 
eral fine  trout  streams,  which  are  much  frequented  by  sportsmen.  Carp 
River  and  Pine  River,  emptying  into  St.  Martin's  Bay,  west  of  the  Cheneux's, 
are  the  most  frequented  resorts. 


STEAMBOAT  EXOURSIO^r. 

From  Mackinac  to  Cheboygan  and  Duncan,  18  miles  distant.  During 
the  summer  and  autumn  months  this  trip  affords  a  most  interesting  excur- 
sion. On  leaving  Mackinac  the  steamer  runs  south„passing  Round  Island 
and  Bois  Blanc  Island,  entering  the  South  Channel  which  divides  the  above 
islands  from  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan.  Here  may  usually  be  seen 
steamers  and  sail  vessels  pursuing  their  way  through  the  Straits  of  Mackinac, 
while  the  shore  of  the  main  land  is  visible  from  Duncan  Light-House  to  Old 
Mackinac.  Cheboygan  affords  many  attractions  which  should  make  this  trip 
a  favorite  with  summer  visitors  flocking  to  this  healthy  and  interesting 
section  of  country.  ^^      ~   - :  -n?-r;th-^7— «  -^r  ^      r:^       - 

Old  Mackinaw,  now  called  Mackinaw  City,  is  another  point  of  great  attraction 
from  its  historical  associations.  It  is  distant  northwest,  seventeen  miles  from 
Cheboygan.     From  the  latter  place  it   can  be  reached  by  a  carriage-road. 


STEAMBOAT   EXCURSION — CHEBOYGAN.  33 

Here  improvements  are  being  made  where  the  railroads  from  the  lower  part 
of  Ihe  State  of  Michigan  will  terminate. 

iDuncan,  Cheboygan  County,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  Duncan  or  McLoud's 
Bay,  one  and  one-half  miles  cast  of  Cheboygan,  Here  is  a  fine  harbor  and 
breakwater.  The  docks  are  extensive,  being  calculated  for  the  storage  of 
lumber.  Here  are  Awo  extensive  saw  mills,  propelled  by  steam  power,  a  store, 
warehouse  and  a  number  of  dwellings.  Population  about  300,  most  of  whom 
are  engaged  in  lumbering.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  establishments  on  the 
Upper  Lakes,  both  mills  having  a  capacity  to  turn  out  24,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
annually. 

OHEBOTGAN. 

Cheboygan  (Indian,  Cha-boia-gan,  a  portage,)  Cheboygan  County,  Michigan, 
is  favorably  situated  on  both  sides  of  Cheboygan  River,  where  is  a  good 
harbor  and  two  steamboat  docks.  A  draw-bridge  spans  the  river,  while  about 
one  mile  from  its  mouth  is  a  dam  and  lock,  with  a  lift  of  abo  10  feet,  which 
admits  a  small  class  of  steamers  to  ascend  the  stream  to  Mullet  Lake,  6 
miles,  connecting  by  a  navigable  stream  with  Burt  Lake,  a  further  distance 
of  15  or  18  miles.  Cheboygan  Lake,  another  fine  body  of  water,  empties  into 
Cheboygan  River  through  Black  River,  thus  forming  altogether  a  water  com- 
munication for  a  number  of  miles  inland.         >  '  •    - 

This  village,  the  commercial  "  City  of  the  Straits,"  is  the  county  seat  of 
Cheboygan  County,  where  is  a  court  house  and  jail,  a  Roman  Catholic,  a 
Methodist  and  Congregational  church  ;  a  large  Union  school  house  ;  5  or  6 
hotels  and  taverns.  Here  are  G  extensive  saw-mills,  2  shingle-mills,  2 
foundries  and  machine  shops,  2  planing-mills  and  sash  factories,  I  flour- 
ing-mill,  and  other  manufacturing  establishments  ;  a  ship  yard  and  dry  dock; 
1  printing  office  ;  25  stores  of  differctu  kinds,  and  many  fine  private  residences, 
while  the  streets  are  wide  and  well  laid  out,  covering  a  large  plat  of  ground. 
The  greatest  pride  of  the  place  are  the  Flowing  Wells,  there  now  being 
some  fifty  in  number.  These  wells  are  bored  from  25  to  75  feet  deep,  when  a 
pure,  cold  vein  of  water  is  reached,  and  as  soon  as  the  auger  is  taken  out  the 
water  spouts  from  three  to  five  feet  above  the  ground,  and  by  tubing,  the 
water  will  force  itself  much  higher.  Each  family  can  have  a  reservoir  at 
their  own  door,  and  its  acquisition  ig  coudusivc  to  both  pomfprt  and  health. 
-     Z  '   "  ---.^  ■■■.:,-  ■■ 


34  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

The  settlement  of  the  town  is  of  recent  date,  but  during  the  past  five  or  six 
years  it  has  rapidly  increased  in  -.vealth  and  numbers,  now  containing  about 
2000  inhabitants. 

Steamers  run  daily  from  Cheboygan  to  Mackinac,  Alpena,  Saginaw,  Detroit, 
Ac,  while  sail  vessels  arrive  and  depart  for  Chicago,  Detroit,  &c.,  carrying 
an  immense  amount  of  lumber  to  the  eastern  and  westernrfnarkets. 

The  natural  location  of  the  village  is  excellent ;  a  water  highway  of  sixty 
miles  extends  inland,  floating  to  the  docks  the  forests  of  the  interior.  The 
railways  building  will  soon  connect  with  Southern  Michigan  and  westward 
toward  Lake  Superior,  being  distant  only  17  miles  from  Mackinac  City,  where 
the  Straits  will  be  crossed. 

Cheboygan  Eiver 

Is  a  large,  deep  flowing  river,  from  100  to  500  feet  wide,  having  a  fall  about 
one  mile  from  its  mouth  of  10  feet,  where  is  a  dam  and  lock  constructed  for 
the  passage  of  a  small  class  of  steamers.  The  lock,  dam  and  canal  were  built 
by  the  Cheboygan  Slack-Water  Navigation  Company,  at  a  cost  of  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars.  It  affords  a  full  and  constant  water-power,  where  is  now 
erected  an  extensive  saw-mill  and  a  fiouring-raill,  affording  besides  a  large 
surplus  water-power.  Cheboygan  River  proper  is  but  8  miles  in  length,  it  being 
the  outlet  of  3Iullet  Lake,  a  fine  body  of  water,  VI  miles  in  length  and  4  miles 
wide.  Black  River,  the  outlet  of  Black  or  Cheboygan  Lake,  first  enters  the 
main  stream,  about  five  miles  above  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  This  stream  is 
about  12  miles  in  length,  extending  to  the  above  lake,  which  is  6  miles  long 
by  4  miles  wide.  The  inlet  to  the  lake  is  the  continuation  of  Black  River, 
running  inland  40  or  50  miles.  The  valley  of  this  river  is  heavily  timbered. 
Rainy  River  also  enters  into  Black  Lake,  and  is  a  fine  stream. 

Long  Lake  is  a  small  body  of  pure  water,  the  outlet  entering  into  the  Black 
River.  This  lake  is  being  stocked  with  white-fish  for  the  purpose  of  breed- 
ing and  sale.  The  lake  is  about  three  miles  long  and  one-half  mile  wide, 
surrounded  by  a  fine  growth  of  timber.  The  hatching  houses  are  situated  at 
the  outlet  of  the  lake,  and  can  be  easily  reached  by  a  steam  tug,  which  runs 
from  Cheboygan. 

Pigeon  River,  Indian  River  and  Sturgeon   or  Cheboygan  River  all  enter 


THE   LOWER   PENINSULA   OP   MICHIGAN.  36 

into  Mullet  Lake,  the  latter  river  being  an  important  stream,  running  through 
a  fine  section  of  country.  •        ;    ;     -  im'   •  -     v- 

Burt  Lake,  lying  west  of  Mullet  Lake,  is  10  miles  long  and  5  miles  wide, 
being  fed  by  Maple  River,  the  outlet  of  Douglass  Lake,  also,  by  Grass  River, 
the  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake.  The  above  five  lakes,  with  their  tributaries, 
drain  the  counties  of  Presque  Isle,  Montmorenci,  Otsego,  Emmet  and  Cheboy- 
gan. In  a  south-west  direction  this  water-course  affords  a  communication 
to  within  one  mile  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  the  water  communication  being 
about  50  miles  in  length.  .         .         ,.,,    .   ..       y     ,         <;  -     .  .^ 

The  upper  waters  of  the  above  streams  are  all  heavily  covered  with  forest 
trees,  mainly  pine,  hemlock,  beach  and  maple  trees,  while  the  land,  for  the 
most  part,  is  well  adapted  for  agricultural  purposes.  : 

These  lakes  and  streams  are  all  filled  with  fish  of  different  kinds,  while  the 
forest  abounds  in  game  of  various  species,  such  as  bears,  deer,  foxes,  rabbits, 
squirrels,  partridges,  wild  geese,  ducks,  &c.  No  place  on  the  Straits  or  ihe 
chain  of  lakes  exceed  Cheboygan  and  its  vicinity  for  boating,  fishing  or 
hunting,  while  it  is  easily  accessible  by  steamers  from  Mackinac  and  other 
lake  points.  •         >       ^    ■..'  ..^> 


THE  LOWEE  PENINSULA  OP  MICHIGAN. 

The  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan^  extending  from  Saginaw  Bay  to  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  is  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  and,  in  this  respect,  its 
situation  is  naturally  more  favorable  for  all  the  purposes  of  trade  and  com- 
merce than  any  other  portion  of  the  Western  States.  Here  a  healthy  and 
invigorating  climate  prevails  which  is  so  modified  by  Nature  as  to  act  favor- 
ably on  the  growth  of  cereals  and  fruit  of  every  kind. 

The  numerous  bays  and  rivers  which  penetrate  every  portion  of  the  Penin- 
sula, some  of  which  are  navigable  for  steamboats  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  lakes,  being  natural  outlets  for  the  produce  of  the  interior,  render 
this  whole  region  desirable  for  purposes  of  settlement  and  cultivation  as  well 
as  a  desirably  ^lace  of  resort  during  warm  weather.  The  heavily  timbered 
region,  extending  north  to  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  afford  fine  camping- 
grounds  for  the  lumberman  as  well  as  the   sportsman  seeking  health  and 


36  MACKINAC   AND    ITS   VICINITY. 

pleasure.     Valuable  coal  beds  have  recently  been  discovered  on  the  line  of 
the  railroads  running  to  the  Straits.  .    ^         ;  ;^ 

The  railroads,  in  connection  with  steamboat  lines,  now  afford  ready  access 
to  this  hitherto  neglected  portion  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  where  wild  game 
of  almost  every  kind  abound ;  bears  and  deer  are  numerous  as  well  as  other 
small  game.  ^    ;      .  ?  ■  - 

"Nature,  too,  has  been  lavish  of  her  rich  gifts  in  the  shape  of  geological 
formations,  fossils,  minerals,  fauna  and  flora  within  the  Lower  Peninsula, 
and  their  untold  wealth,  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  and  their  priceless 
value  to  the  scientist,  has  never  yet  been  properly  or  fully  developed. 

"  The  interesting  traces  of  the  pre-historic  races,  who  once  inhabited  our 
country,  were  the  owners  of  our  soil  and  the  masters  of  our  great  lakes  and 
beautiful  rivers,  are  fast  disappearing.  The  aboriginal  tribes,  our  more  im- 
mediate predecessors,  are  fast  passing  away,  and  with  them  the  traces  of  their 
ancestors,  and  all  traditions  of  the  more  recent  events  in  their  own  unwritten 
history,"  Here  once  the  Jesuit  missionary  and  French  soldier  commingled 
with  the  children  of  the  forest  and  won  their  esteem,  then  came  in  the  power 
of  England,  with  her  armies  and  traders,  who  for  nearly  half  a  century  main- 
tained a  foothold  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 

Saginaw  Bay  is  one  of  the  most  important  bodies  of  water  belonging  to  the 
chain  of  Great  Lakes.  It  is  about  25  miles  wide  and  50  miles  long  from  N. 
W.  to  S.  E.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Saginaw  River  and  its  tributaries, 
which  penetrate  far  inland,  draining  a  large  extent  of  country  which,  for  the 
most  part,  is  heavily  timbered  with  pine  and  other  kinds  of  forest  trees. 

Thunder  Bay,  lying  on  the  Avest  side  of  Lake  Huron,  is  another  small  sheet 
of  water  into  which  enters  Thunder  Bay  River. 

Little  Traverse  Bay,  lying  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  a  fine 
sheet  of  water,  while  in  the  interior  are  several  beautiful  lakes,  soon,  no 
doubt,  destined  to  become  fashionable  places  of  resort. 

Grand  Traverse  Bay,  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  another  fine 
sheet  of  water.  It  is  surrounded  by  good  agricultural  lands,  where  fruit  of 
almost  every  kind  flourishes  to  perfection.  From  this  point  southward,  to 
the  lower  confines  of  the  State,  apples,  pears,  peaches  and  small  fruit  are 
raised  in  great  quantities. 


v. 


O 


f- 


1^ 


/ 


•ri/' 


r 


.^'/j 


'^;: 


'■^f-. 


x' 


yL';;p 

fl?: 

;  '■■'.;!■ 

!    ^" 

- '  ■■ 

% 


Pi 


.1' 

In... 


IT?    j-tT^-'TW^*-^ 


^.T  .'-.-.■■■.:•  '--MMMM'. 


*   ■■    ■ 


'WJOKmJk^^  AWflt»   VICINITY. 

-'"■'.  ' 

>ble  coal  i^j.!*-  jUi^vB  receutly  been  discovered  on  the  liae  of 

;atiaing  to  thft  f?tr».f5#.  ,: 

-t<l«,  in  eooMe»:ao«  with  steamboat  lluea,  now  aiToru  ready  itcc©g« 
ao  n«?g!v>t^u-':  »H»rtion  of  the  Sutfe  of  Jklichigan,  where  wild  gLitn& 

•;    Und  *iH»vm^l ;  bears  audjket  imw  numerous  as  well  as  other 


r- 


i«h  of  he.T  fieji  |fift«  iji  the  shape  of  geological 
jr*i«,  fauua  and  f,&m  witfeia  the   Lower  Peninsula, 
w««ith,  in  a  coiiimercial  point  of  vi«w,  and  their  priciless 
'-■m  aever  yet  beea  ptopcrly  or  fully  developed, 

^■.m-t.^m-'H^uwh  tm^^^t,  v^hit  <M|pe  inhabited  our 

^Hife    *9«^  ^»4  ih0  ma^tera  of  our  great  lakes  and 

;  in"  abongiiiifej  irilM?*,  our  more  im- 

■    ^M  Wi-^J^*|fe,.4%e  Imces  of  thfiir 

*»«#». ^«»«ritt€n 

■  •  -■       ili*  ji^wer 
h^,  #^..'.m^#  im4  mimm,  -wim  asar  %<m'?kf  kmi'-^  «^»«e4*f  main- 
**.4  vf.  %h*,  ^k^»  ^#  l*|#'a^l>  ..  mml%»  <»r  Iftckinac. 

'  ifJAr.ii^asift^^i'i^j^v  m:**;.v"i;         ..m  'hm^mmm  -^i^,,  .■  belonging  to  the 
.,'  Ure&t-tftl^.  Jl^^.;  .    ,.   __.:..,.    ■     .  ,ka  long  ft.om  N. 

It  8««ft{»«3i  t|i«   w»i^fw  ^«  Sugvtftw  ^T<^?  feiad  its  tributaries, 
^5|u  .fmi^  •  ^tiland,  draining  «  large  ertent  of  country  w)iich,  for  the 

n,  i*  ii#*«U|'  Umib^Vi^d  with  piue  and  other  kinds  of  forest  trees*    .    ' 
^iK  0  4j|  0IS  i4«i  Wttijt  side  of  Lake  Ilarots  i*  ai*^th#r  ffwail  »h^ei 

into  ^sa^ii  ^^^^tt^**  Thunder  Bay  Rivft,  .   ,  ,,    ^     - 

^'  -TRAVKft^ft  ^^vl3M<^  o»  the  east  »ido  of  Ukv  ti-^;^**^,  is  «.  fine 
w:iter,  whii-t  Ift  ^  4iti«f4or  ar©  •««irM^.  I^i«a*«#ti  ^HJi,  soon/ I'.o 

1iii«K  IJay,  <ktt  Oie  taiii  *  ^m  *f*^£>4gaft,  i«  another  fmo 

rt  is  »«rr^&n4i^  W  ffrt?*r  ^,7  •  ^xfi^  ii^ncTs,  where  fruit  of 

'•iurishes  to  perftctioi*.     Ir*)®  Um  ^f»i»l"  southward,  to 
wf  the  State,  apples,  pcari&,  peAj&irsft  tt««l  «mell  fruit  arti 


M' 


a: 

c 

o 
a 


TAELE    OF  DISTANCES — ALPENA. 


37 


-  TABLE  OF  DISTAlfOES. 

STEAMBOAT    ROUTE    FROM    DETROIT,    MICIIIQAN,    TO    MACKINAC. 


Miles.  Landixos,  ac, 

344  DETROIT, 

{Lake  St.  Clair.) 
304  Algoma, 
206  Marine  City, 
288  St.  Clair,        "    ^■-  ■ 
275  Port  Huron  and  Sarnia, 
274  Fort  Gratiot  and  Light, 
254  Lexington, 
200  Point  au  Barques, 


{Saginaw  Bay^  Lake  Huron.) 


Miles. 
0 

40 

8-48 

8-5G 

13-G9 

1-70 

20-90 

54-144 


Miles.  Lani>inos,  4C. 

IGO  Au  Sable, 
150  Greenbush, 
142  Harrisvillc, 
110  ALPENA, 

95  Tiiunder  Island  and  Light, 

58  Crawford  Quarry, 

5G  Rogers  City, 

19  Duncan, 

18  Cheboygan, 
0  MACKINAC,      . 


Miles. 

40- 

-184 

10- 

-104 

8- 

-202 

30- 

-2;J4 

15- 

-247 

35- 

-284 

2- 

-28  t 

37- 

-321 

1- 

-322 

18- 

-340 

/.  Usual  time,  36  hours.  -■■■, 

Steamboat  Eoute 

FROM    CHICAGO    AND    MILWAUKEE    TO    MACKINAC    AND    SAUT    STE    MARIE. 

Miles.  PonTS,  to. 

400  CHICAGO,  Ills., 
455  Waukegan,   " 
439  Kenosha,       Wis., 
428  Racine^  " 

405  MILWAUKEE," 
380  Port  Washington, 
355  Sheboygan,  Wis., 
325  Manitowoc,  " 
318  Two  Rivers,  " 
296  Kewaunee,    " 
285  Annapee,      " 
250  Bay  ley  s  Harbor, 
230  Death's  Door, 
216  Washington  Harbor, 

(To  EscANABA,  30  miles. 


ALPENA. 

Alpena,  Alpena  County,  Michigan,  is  a  flourishing  city  situated  on  tho 
shore  of  Thunder  Bay,  Lake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  Thunder  Bay  River, 
230  miles  above  Detroit,  and  110  miles  from  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  by  steam- 
boat route;  lying  in  North  Latitude,  45°  5^,  West  Longitude,  83°  30^ 
It  is  easily  reached  during  the  season  of  Navigation  by  lines  of  steamers 


Miles. 

Miles.                     Pouts,  &o. 

Miles. 

0 

145  Beaver  Island,  Mich., 

70-345 

35 

114  Point  Waugoshance, 

31-376 

lG-51 

{Straits  of  Mackinac.) 

11-G2 

98  Mackinaw  City, 

16-392 

23-85 

90  MACKINAC, 

8-400 

25-110 

54  De  Tour, 

30-436 

25-135 

{St   Mary^s  River.) 

30-1G5 

46  St.  Joseph's  Island,  Can., 

8-444 

7-172 

36  Mud  Lake, 

10-454 

22-194 

25  Nebish  Rapids,                 : 

11-4G5 

11-205 

22  Lake  George, 

3-4G8 

35-240 

16  Church's  Landing, 

6-474 

20-2G0 

1 1   Garden  River  Set., 

5-479 

15-275 
^0 

0  SAUT  ST.  MARIE, 

11-490 

38  MACKINAC  AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

running  from  Detroit  and  Bay  City,  Michigan.  Alpena  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  in  1871,  and  now  contains  about  3500  inliabitants.  A  Mineral  Spring  is 
here  located,  possessing  valuable  medical  properties,  and  is  much  frequented 
by  invalids  and  seekers  of  pleasure.  A  commodious  Hotel  has  recently  been 
erected,  adjoining  the  spring  and  bath  house,  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors  during  the  summer  months. 

In  addition  to  a  good  harbor,  here  is  a  fall  of  9  feet  of  water,  affording  an 
immense  power  for  manufacturing  purposes  ;  there  are  now  10  extensive  saw 
mills,  6  shingle  mills,  1  grist  mill,  2  planing  mills,  and  1  hemlock  extract 
factory,  besides  other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Alpbna  Magnetic  and  Sulphur  Spring,  was  discovered  in  1869  by  an 
attempt  to  bore  for  common  salt^  to  a  depth  of  900  feet,  below  the  surface, 
when  an  immense  volume  of  water  commenced  to  flow  out  of  the  rock,  clear 
and  sparkling,  and  having  such  peculiar  properties  as  to  cause  a  suspension 
of  the  work.  The  odor  and  taste  of  Sulphur,  in  the  form  of  Sulphuretted 
Hydrogen  Gas,  with  evidence  of  other  mineral  constituents,  was  soon  appa- 
rent, and  their  wonderful  magnetic  properties  well  defined.  On  being  tested  the 
curative  properties  of  the  mineral  water  are  fully  established. 

Analysis  : — The  following  is  an  analysis  by  Dr.  S.  P.  Duffield,  of  Detroit. 

Temperature,  52°  Fahrenheit.     Specific  Gravity,  1.012. 

•  In  a  Gallon. 

Bi-carbonate  of  Soda, 15.736 

"           "     Lime, 55.136 

"           "     Magnesia, 62.920 

"           "     Iron, 1.840 

Sulphate  of  Lime, 30.056 

Silica  and  Aluminum, .         ,  3.088 

Chloride  Sodium  Salt, 68.256 

Organic  Matter  and  Loss, .928 


237.960 
Total  mineral  constituents,  237.032  grains.     Sulphuretted  Hydrogen  Gas, 
3.91  cubic  inches.     Carbonic  Acid  Gas,  a  trace. 

Thunder  Bay  River  drains  a  large  extent  of  country  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  pine,  beach,  maple  and  other  forest  trees.  Numerous  small  lakes 
are  located  near  the  head  streams,  affording  fine  hunting  and  fishing. 


TEMPERATURE  OP   THE   PRINCIPAL   LAKE   PORTS.  39 

Long  Lake,  fi  miles  from  Alpena,  is  a  beautiful  body  of  water  12  miles  long 
and  about  1  mile  wide,  being  full  of  black  bass,  pickerel,  k(i. 

The  Alpena  and  Southwestern  BaUroad,  now  being  built,  will  extend  from 
Alpena  to  Grand  Haven,  Michigan,  236  miles,  intersecting  the  Jackson,  Lan- 
sing and  Saginaw  Railroad,  so  as  to  form  a  through  line  of  travel  from 
Detroit  and  Lansing  to  Lake  Huron. 

North  Point,  10  miles  from  Alpena  and  Thunder  Bay  Islands,  two  miles 
further,  are  celebrated  for  their  fisheries.  Here  are  annually  taken  large 
quantities  of  white  fish  and  Mackinac  trout,  which  are  salted  and  sent  to 
eastern  and  southern  markets. 


TEMPEEATTTRE  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  LAKE  POETS. 

DURING    THE    FOUR    SEASONS    OF    THE    YEAR. 
CITIES,  *C. 

1.  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

2.  Cleveland,  Ohio, 

3.  Toledo,  Ohio, 

4.  Detroit,  Mich. 

5.  Chicago,  111., 

6.  Green  Bay,  Wis., 

7.  Mackinac,  Wis., 
Alpen,  Wis., 

8.  SAUTSTEMARIE,Wis.,  46°  30^ 
E  'CANABA,  Wis., 

9.  Marquette,  Wis., 

10.  C0PPERHARB0R,Wis.,  47°  SO'' 

11.  Bayfield,  Wis., 

12.  DuLUTii,  Minn., 
Note. — Variation  of  Mean  Annual  Temperature  on  the  Lake  Ports  from  * 

40°  to  60°  Fahrenheit.     Duluth  the  lowest  and  Toledo  the  highest. 

Remarks. — From  the  above  carefully  prepared  Table  of  Temperatures,  it 
seems  that  Buffalo  possesses  the  coolest  and  most  equable  summer  tempera- 
ture of  any  of  the  cities  on  Lake  Erie,  hsning  a  mean  annual  temperature  of 


42°  53^  N.  L 

Spring. 
Fahr. 

.,  45° 

Bummer. 
Fubr. 

68° 

Autumn. 
Falir. 

49° 

Winter. 
Fahr. 

28° 

YEARLY. 
Mean  T.     Range. 
Fahr.        Fahr. 

47°       40° 

41°  30^ 

u 

47° 

70° 

52° 

29° 

49^° 

410 

41°  40^ 

<( 

47° 

71° 

52J° 

29° 

50° 

42° 

42°  21^ 

u 

46° 

69° 

49° 

28° 

47° 

41° 

41°  52^ 

(( 

45° 

60° 

49° 

26J° 

47° 

42J° 

44°  30^ 

(( 

43^° 

68° 

46° 

21° 

44J° 

47° 

45°  51/ 

(( 

38^° 

62° 

43i° 

18° 

41° 

44° 

45°  00^ 

u 

'-  I-  *  ; ' 

■  •,■ '  ■' . 

43° 

'-t*  -  ■ ' 

46°  30^ 

(< 

37i° 

62° 

43° 

19° 

40^° 

43° 

40°  44/ 

u 

y 

•"—■.'-. 

■    \       .'.'X- 

;"  ^  '  i       "■■-.■ 

41° 

46°  33/ 

(( 

38° 

63° 

43° 

20° 

40^° 

43° 

47°  SO'' 

il 

38° 

61° 

43° 

21° 

40° 

40° 

40°  45/ 

a 

38° 

62° 

43° 

16° 

40° 

46° 

40°  48^ 

a 

38° 

63° 

43^° 

15° 

40° 

48° 

40 


MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 


from  47°  to  50°  Fahrenheit.  This  favorable  influence  is  caused,  no  doubt, 
from  the  prevailing  west  and  Bouthwcst  winds  which  sweep  over  Lake  Erie 
during  most  of  the  year. 

The  Island  of  Mackinac  is  another  equally  fav<  red  location,  with  a  ranch 
cooler  summer  temperature.  Beinj^  entirely  surrounded  by  water,  with  Lake 
Huron  on  the  casf,  Lake  Michigan  on  Ihe  south,  and  Lake  Sui)erior  on  the 
northwest,  the  climate  and  temperature  are  rendered  pure  and  healthy; 
more  so,  perhaps,  than  any  other  spot  in  the  region  o^the  Great  Lakes — 
the  waters  and  the  winds  being  remarkably  pure  and  invigorating. 

Copper  Harbor,  on  Keewenaw  Point,  and  Bayfield,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Apostle  Islands,  are  both  cool  and  healthy  summer  resorts,  alike  possessing 
all  the  elements  that  go  to  invigorate  the  human  frame  and  maUe  life  a 
pleasure. 


LIGHT  HOUSES  ON  LAKE  HURON  AND  THE  STEAITS  OF 

MAOKINAO. 


1.  Fort  Gratiot,  42°  N.  lat.,  at  the 
head  of  St.  Clair  River,  Michigan. 
Elevated  84  feet  above  Lake  Huron. 
Tower  of  brick;  dwelling  detached. 
Marks  the  entrance  from  Lake  Huron 
into  St.  Clair  River.  Goodrich,  Can., 
N.  E.  by  N.  G3  miles. 

2.  Point  Aux  Barques,  44°  01''  N. 
lat.,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  and 
south  side  of  the  entrance  to  Saginaw 
Bay.  Elevated  89  leet.  Tower  and 
dwelling  of  yellow  brick,  connected 
by  covered  way.  Sturgeon  Point  light 
bears  N.  N.  W.  54  miles. 

3.  Tawas,  on  Ottawa  Point,  north- 
west shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  Michigan. 
Brick  tower,  whitewashed ;  dome  of 
lantern  black.  Charity  Island  light 
bears  S.  15 J  miles. 

4.  Charity  Island,  at  the  mouth  of 
Saginaw  Bay,  Michigan.  Tower  of 
brick,  connected  with  frame  dwelling 
by  covered  way.     The  main  channel 


is  to  the  westward  of  the  light.   Sagi- 
naw Bay  light  house  S.  W.  34j  miles. 

5.  Saginaw  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
Saginaw  River.  Tower  and  dwelling 
built  of  rubble  stone,  detached.  Sand 
Point  bears  N.  E.  29  miles. 

6.  Sturgkon  Point,  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lake  Huron,  24  miles  south 
of  Thunder  Bay  lelaud.  Tower  and 
dwelling  built  of  yellow  brick.  Point 
Aux  Barques  light  S.  S.  E.  54  miles. 

7.  Thunder  Bay  Island,  45°  02^  N. 
lat.,  north  side  of  entrance  to  Thunder 
Bay,  Michigan.  Stone  tower  on  the 
south-east  corner  of  the  Island,  ele- 
vated 59  feet.  Vessels  must  not  at- 
tempt to  pass  to  the  westward  of  this 
light.  Middle  Island  bears  N.  N.  W. 
12  miles. 

8.  PuESQUB  IsLB  Harbor,  front  light 
at  the  harbor  of  Presque  Isle,  Lake 
Huron.  Light  on  wooden  tower  ;  rear 
light  on  keeper's  frame  dwelling. 


CLIMATIC   INFLUENCE   OF   THE   GREAT   LAKES. 


41 


9.  PRESQUE  Isle,  about  25  miles 
northwest  of  Thunder  Bay  light.  A 
coast  lip^ht,  on  the  northern  point  of 
the  peninsula.  Spectacle  Reef,  N.  W. 
42  miles  ;  the  Detour  light  bearing  N. 
N.  W.  18  miles. 

10.  Spectacle  Reef,  45°  4G''  N.  lat., 
to  the  eastward  of  the  entrance  to  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  in  Lake  Huron. 
Elevated  32  feet  above  the  lake.  This 
is  an  important  light  to  the  mariner, 
recently  constructed.  It  can  be  seen 
from  Mackinac  a  distance  of  24  miles. 
Bois  Blanc  light  house,  W.  by  N.  14 
miles  ;  Mackinac  Island  (Fort  Holmes); 
W.  by  N.  "4  miles ;  Detour  light  house, 
N.  E.  16J  miles. 

11.  Detour,  45^  57^  N.  lat.,  at  the 
mouth  of  St.  Mary's  River,  Lake  Hu- 
ron. Elevated  75  feet  above  the  lake. 
Iron-pile  structure,  connected  with 
wooden  dwelling.  Marks  entrance  from 
Lake  Huron  into  St.  Mary's  River. 
Bois  Blanc  light  W  S.  W.  26  miles. 
Island  of  Mackinac  (steamboat  land- 
ing), 35  miles. 

12.  Bois  Blanc,  on  the  north  side 
of  Bois  Blanc  Island,  in  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac.  Tower  rises  from  dwelling 
of  yellow  brick.  Fort  Mackinac  W. 
N.  W.  9  J  miles ;  Spectacle  Reef,  E-  S. 
E.  13J  miles. 

13.  Cheboygan,  on  the  main  land, 
opposite  Bois  Blanc  Island,  marking 
the  entrance  to  the  Straits  of  Macki- 


nac. Light  on  keeper's  wooden  dwell- 
ing. Marks  entrance  into  the  South 
Channel  of  the  Straits.  Did  Fort 
Mackinac  on  the  main,  N.  W.  by  W. 
16  miles. 

14.  McGulpin's  Point,  N.  lat.  45° 
47^,  near  Old  Mackinac,  in  the  Straits, 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Michigan.  Elevated  102  feet 
above  the  Strait.  The  passage  here 
is  about  3J  miles  wide,  separating 
the  Lower  and  Upper  Peninsulas  of 
Michigan.  Tower  rises  from  the 
dwelling,  of  yellow  brick.  Isle  of  St. 
Helena,  N.  W.  6  miles  ;  Waugoshance, 
W.  15J  miles. 

15.  St.  Helena,  on  St.  Helena 
Island,  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 
Tower  and  dwelling  of  red  brick. 
Waugoshance  light,  W.  S.  W.  12  miles. 

16.  Waugoshance,  on  the  Waugo- 
shance Shoal,  near  the  entrance  to 
Lake  Michigan.  Tower,  with  dwell- 
ing attached,  of  brick.  Elevated  74 
feet  above  Lake  Michigan.  Marks 
Waugoshance  Shoal,  and  turning- 
point  at  western  end  Straits  of  Macki- 
nac. Skilligalle  light,  S.  S.  W.  8 
miles. 

Note. — The  Island  of  Mackinac  and 
Point  St.  Ignace,  two  i)rominent  ob- 
jects in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  do 
not  require  a  light  to  guide  the  mari- 
ner through  this  great  channel  of 
commerce. 


OLIMATIO  INPLUENOE  OP  THE  GEE  AT  LAKES. 

Extract  from  the  writings  of  Daniel  Drake,  M.D.,  who,  in  a  professional 

capacity,  visited  the  Island  of  Mackinac  several  years  since. 

"  From  the  hour  that  the  voyager  enters  Lake  Huron,  at  the  head  of  St. 
Clair  River,  or  Michigan,  at  Milwaukee,  both  being  about  43°  north  lati- 
tude, a  great  change  comes  over  the  invalid  or  traveller,  caused  by  the 
great  extent  of  pure  waters  and  an  invigorating  atmosphere,  even  while 


.-sr 


42  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

Bummor  rapes  with  a  withorinfr  cnorfjy  in  tlio  South.  The  axis  of  each  of 
th«.'8«,'  lakes  is  nearly  in  the  8iun(;  meridian,  and  every  turn  made  by  tlio 
wheels  of  his  boat  carries  him  fnrther  into  the  temperate  and  genial  cliraato 
of  the  Upper  Lakes.  Knterinj^  by  either  of  the  portals  just  mentioned,  he 
soon  passes  the  latitude  of  44'-,  and  has  then  escaped  from  the  re^i'^n  of 
miasmas,  con<^estive  fevers,  calomel,  intennittents,  af^uo  cakes,  liver  diseases, 
cholera  morbus,  dyspepsia,  blue  devils  and  dtmsl — on  the  whole  of  which  ho 
looks  back  with  gay  indifference,  if  not  a  feeling  of  good-natured  contempt. 

"  Everywhere  on  the  shores  of  the  CJreat  Lakes,  from  Erie  to  Superior,  if 
the  general  atmosphere  be  calm  and  clear,  there  is,  in  summer,  a  refreshing 
lake  and  land  breeze  ;  the  former  commencing  in  the  forenoon,  and,  with  a 
capricious  temper,  continuing  most  of  the  day;  the  latter  setting  in  at  night, 
after  the  radiation  from  the  ground  has  reduced  its  heat  below  that  of  the 
water.  These  brce/es  are  highly  acceptable  to  ihe  vo^'ager  while  on  the 
lower  lake  region,  and  by  no  means  to  be  despised  after  he  reaches  the  upper. 

"But  the  summer  climate  of  the  lakes  is  not  the  only  source  of  benefit  to 
invalids,  for  the  agitation  imparted  by  the  boat  on  voyages  of  several  days' 
duration,  through  waters  which  are  never  stagnant  and  sometimes  rolling, 
will  be  found  among  the  most  eflicient  means  of  restoring  health  in  many 
chronic  diseases,  especially  those  of  a  nervous  character,  such  as  hysteria 
and  hypochondriacism. 

"Another  source  of  benefit  is  the  excitement  imparted  by  the  voyage  to 
the  faculty  of  observation.  At  a  watering-place  all  the  features  of  the  sur- 
rounding scenery  are  soon  familiarized  to  the  eye,  which  then  merely  wanders 
over  the  commingled  throngs  of  valetudinarians,  doctors,  dancers,  idlers, 
gamblers,  coquettes  and  dandies,  whence  it  soon  returns  to  inspect  the  infirmi- 
ties or  ^ff////m  vZ/as  of  its  possessor;  but  on  protracted  voyages  through  new 
and  fresh  regions,  curiosity  is  stirred  up  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  presently 
gratified  by  the  hourly  unfolding  of  fresh  aspects  of  nature — some  new  blend- 
ing of  land  and  water;  a  group  of  islands  different  from  the  last;  aquatic 
fields  of  wild  rice  and  lilies  ;  a  rainbow  walking  on  the  face  of  the  deep;  a 
Water-spout,  or  a  shifting  series  of  painted  clouds,  seen  in  the  kaleidescope 
of  heaven. 

"But  the  North  has  attractions  of  a  different  kind,  which  should  dra\  nto 
its  summer  bosom  those  who  seek  h<  ilth  and  recreation  in  travel.  From 
Ontario  to  Michigan  and  Superior  the  voyager  passes  in  the  midst  of  spots 
consecrated  to  the  heart  of  every  American,  and  deeply  interesting  to  all 
who  delight  to  study  the  history  of  their  native  land.  The  shores  and  waters  ' 
of  the  lakes,  so  often  reddened  with  the  blood  of  those  who  fought  and  died 
in  the  cause  of  their  country,  will  present  to  the  traveller  of  warm  and  patri- 
otic feelings  scenes  which  he  cannot  behold  without  emotion,  under  which 
real  diseases  may  abate,  and  the  imaginary  be  forgotten." 

After  briefly  alluding  to  the  mixed  French  and  Indian  population  around 

the  head  of  the  lakes,  he  thus  continues: — 

"But  a  different  inhabitant,  of  more  interest  than  either  to  the  dyspeptic 


CLIMATIC    INFLUENCE   OF   THE    tJUEAT    LAKES  43 

and  tho  ponrmand,  is  tho  celebrated  white-fish,  which  deserves  to  be  called 
by  its  cliussiciil  name  coregonua  albus,  which,  literally  translated,  sij^nifies  food 
of  tho  nynjphs.  Its  flesh,  which  in  tho  cold  and  clear  waters  of  tho  lake, 
organized  and  imbued  with  life,  is  liable  but  to  this  objection — that  he  who 
tastes  it  once  will  thenceforth  be  unable  to  relish  that  of  any  other  fish." 

It  is  thus  beautifully  described  by  an  eminent  author,  in  verse  : — 

THE  WIIITR-FISH. 

BY   IIKNIIY   R.    BCHOOLCKAFT. 

'*  All  friends  to  good  living  l>y  tumon  ami  diali, 
Concur  in  exalting  thiH  prince  of  a  fluli ; 
80  fine  in  a  jiiatter,  ho  tempting  a  fry, 
80  rich  on  a  gridiron,  so  sweet  in  a  pio: 
That  ever  hefuru  it  ttio  salmon  must  fail, 
And  that  miglity  bonne-bouche  ot  tho  land,  heaver's  tail. 

•  *  «  m  *  *  *  * 

"  'Tis  a  morsel  alike  for  tho  gourmand  or  faster. 
'NVIiilo,  white  as  a  taiilet  of  pure  alahaHtert 
Its  heauty  or  flavor  no  person  can  duul)t, 
When  seen  in  tlio  water  or  tusted  without ; 
And  all  tho  disi)uto  tliat  opinion  e'er  iiiiikes 
Of  this  king  of  lako  fiMlies,  this 'flfecr  o/^/ie /aA:c5,'* 
Regard  not  iti  ehoicencHS  to  ponder  or  Kup, 
But  the  best  mode  of  dressing  and  serving  it  up. 

*  ^  «  *  *  ■»  « 

"  Here  too,  might  a  fancy  to  descant  inclined, 
Contemplate  tho  love  tliat  pertains  to  tlie  kind, 
And  bring  up  tho  red  man,  in  fanciful  strains, 
To  prove  its  creation  from  feiainino  brain8."f 

"  The  Island  of  Mackinac  is  the  last,  and,  of  the  whole,  the  most  important 
summer  residence  to  which  we  can  direct  the  attention  of  the  infirm  and  the 
fashionable.  True  it  has  no  mineral  springs. J  but  living  streams  of  pure 
water,  cooled  down  to  the  temperature  of  44°,  gushing  from  its  lime-rock 
precipices,  and  an  atmosphere  never  sultry  or  malarious,  supersedes  all 
necessity  for  nauseating  solutions  of  iron,  sulphur,  and  cpsom  salts.  An 
ague,  contracted  below,  has  been  known  to  cease  even  before  the  patient  had 
set  his  foot  on  the  Island,  as  a  bad  cold  evaporates  under  the  warm  sun  in  a 
voyage  to  Cuba  or  the  West  India  Islands.  Its  rocky,  though  not  infertile 
surface,  present  but  few  decomposable  matters,  and  its  summer  heats  are 
never  great  enough  to  convert  those  few  into  miasmas. 

''Situated  in  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Huron,  within  view  of  the 
Straits  which  connect  that  lake  with  Michigan,  and  almost  in  sight,  if  forest 
did  not  interpose,  of  the  portals  of  Lake  Superior,  this  celebrated  Island  has 
long  been,  as  it  must  continue  to  be,  the  capital  of  the  Upper  Lakes.  Tho 
steamboats  which  visit  the  ship  canal  and  rapids  of  St.  Mary,  passing  into 

*  A  translation  of -i4rf-rfrfc-^-««m-?nai(7,  the  Indian  name  fv^r  the  fish. 

+  >7rfc '"Indian  Tales  and  Legends."  - 

I  A  celebrated  Sulphur  Spririg  has  been  obtained  at  AtPENA,  110  miles  distant,  by  boring  a 
depth  of  900  foot. 


44  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

Lake  Superior,  as  well  aa  those  running  to  Green  Bay,  not  less  than  the  daily 
line  from  BiilFalo  and  Detroit  to  Milwaukee  and  Chicago,  are  found  in  its 
harbor,  and  the  time  cannot  be  remote  when  a  small  steamer  will  ply  regu- 
larly between  it  and  the  first  named  place.  By  these  boats  the  luxuries  of 
the  South,  brought  fresh  and  succulent  as  when  first  gathered,  are  supplied 
every  day.  But  the  potatoes  of  this  region,  rivalling  those  of  the  banks  of 
the  Shannon,  and  the  white-fish  and  speckled  trout  of  the  surrounding 
waters,  yielding  only  to  those  of  Lake  Superior,  render  all  foreign  delicacies 
almost  superfluous." 

The  same  author,  in  his  "  Diseases  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  thus  alludes 

to  Mackinac  : 

"  The  three  great  reservoirs  of  clear  cold  water — Lakes  Huron,  Michigan 
and  Superior,  with  the  Island  of  Mackinac  in  their  hydrographical  centre — otFer 
a  delightful  hot  weather  asylum  to  all  invalids  who  need  an  escape  from 
crowded  cities,  paludal  exhalations,  sultry  climates,  and  officious  medication. 
Lake  Erie  lies  too  far  south  to  be  included  in  the  salutiferous  group.  The 
sail  from  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  or  Toledo,  on  that  Lake,  or  from  Chicago  or 
Milwaukee,  on  Lake  Michigan,  may  afford,  should  the  water  be  agitated,  all 
the  benefits  of  sea-sickness,  without  its  tedious  prolongation.  On  reachiii/j 
Mackinac  an  agreeable  change  of  climate  is  at  once  experienced,  and  the 
bodily  feeling  is  heightened  by  the  emotions  which  the  evidence  and  con- 
sciousness of  having  retreated  upon  an  island,  raise  in  the  mind  of  one  who  has 
not  before  enjoyed  the  novelty  of  an  insular  life.  To  his  jaded  sensibilities 
all  around  him  is  fresh  and  refreshing;  a  feeling  of  security  comes  over  him, 
and  when,  from  the  rocky  battlements  of  Fort  Mackinac,  he  looks  down  upon 
the  surrounding  waters,  they  seem  a  moat  of  defence  against  the  host  cf 
annoyances  from  which  he  had  sought  a  refuge.  Thus  the  curative  state  of 
mind  begins  to  act  on  his  body  from  the  moment  of  his  landing,  and  if  he  be 
a  person  of  intelligence  and  taste,  this  salutary  mental  excitement  will  not 
soon  die  away  ;  for  the  historic  associations,  not  less  than  the  scenery  of  this 
island,  are  well  fitted  to  maintain  it. 

"  From  the  summit  of  the  island,  the  eye  rests  upon  a  number  of  spots  con- 
secrated to  military  history.  Point  St.  Ignace  and  (>ld  Mackinaw  being  in  full 
view.  But  the  natural  scenery  is  still  better  fitted  to  make  the  invalid  forget 
liis  ailments.  Several  agreeable  and  exciting  boat  voyages  may  be  made  to 
the  neighboring  islands  or  coasts,  from  each  of  which  a  new  aspect  may  be 
had,  and  the  island  itself,  although  but  nine  miles  in  circuit,  affords  opportu- 
nities for  a  great  variety  of  rambling  on  foot.  In  these  excursions  he  mav 
ascend  to  the  apex  of  the  island,  once  the  site  of  a  fort.  From  this  summit, 
elevated  far  above  all  that  surrounds  it,  the  panorama  is  such  as  woi.ld 
justify  the  epithet  to  Mackinac — '  Queen  of  the  Isles.'  To  the  west  are  the 
indented  shares  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan;  to  the  f,outh,  those  of 
the  Lower,  presenting  in  the  interior  a  distant  and  smoky  line  of  elevated 
table-land ;  up  the  Straits  green  islets  may  be  seer,  peeping  above  the 
waters  ;  directly  in  front  of  the  harbor,  Bound  Island  forms  a  beautiful  fore- 


CLIMATIC  INFLUENCE  OP  THE  GREAT  LAKES.         45> 

ground,  while  the  larger,  Bois  Blanc,  "with  its  light-house,  stretches  off  to  the 
east ;  and  to  the  north  are  other  it^Iands  at  varying  distances,  which  complete 
the  archipelago.  The  Les  Chrneauz  Islands,  in  this  direction,  form  a  group  of 
the  greatest  interest,  being  distant  some  twelve  or  fifteen  miles. 

"  When  the  observer  directs  his  eye  upon  the  waters  more  than  the  land, 
and  the  day  is  fair  with  moderate  wind,  he  finds  the  surface  as  variable  in 
it3  tints  as  if  clothed  in  a  changeable  robe  of  silk.  Green  and  blue  are  the 
governing  hues,  but  they  flow  into  each  other  with  such  facility  and  fre- 
quency that  while  still  contemplating  a  particular  spot,  it  seems,  as  if  by 
magic,  transformed  into  another;  but  these  mid-day  beauties  vanish  before 
those  of  the  setting  sun,  wher  the  boundless  horizon  of  lake  and  land  seems 
girt  around  with  a  fiery  zone  of  clouds,  and  the  brilliant  drapery  of  the  skies 
paints  itself  upon  the  surface  of  the  waters.  Brief  as  they  are  beautiful, 
these  evening  glories,  like  spirits  of  the  air,  quickly  pass  away  and  the  gray 
mantle  of  night  warns  the  beholder  to  depart  for  the  village  while  he  may 
yet  make  his  Avay  along  a  narrow  and  rocky  path,  beset  with  tufts  of  the 
prickly  juni[)er.  Havv^g  refreshed  himself  for  an  hour,  he  may  stroll  out 
upon  the  beach  and  listen  to  the  serenade  of  the  waters.  Wave  after  wave 
will  break  at  his  feet  over  the  white  pebbles  and  return  as  limpid  as  it  came. 
Up  the  Straits  he  will  see  the  ev^ening  star  dancing  on  the  ruffled  surface, 
and  the  loose  sails  of  the  lagging  schooner  flapping  in  the  fitful  land-breeze, 
while  the  milky  way — Death's  Path  of  the  red  man — will  dimly  appear  in  the 

waters  before  him." 

'i,  ■■ . 

The  late  Horace  Mann  in  his  letters  from  Mackinac  to  a  friend,  says : 
"  I  wish  you  were  here.  It  is  a  fortnight  to-day  since  we  arrived,  and  such 
paradisical  weather  as  we  have  had — just  warm  enough  not  to  be  cold,  and 
just  cold  enough  not  to  be  warm.  Only  one  thing  is  wanting  to  me,  and  I 
should  thrive  like  a  green  bay  tree,  and  that  is  home  diet.  Last  night  we  had 
some  commotion  among  the  elements,  and  to-day  it  is  cloudy  and  a  fire  is 
comfortable.  But  a  few  whiffs  of  this  air  would  make  your  lungs  give  a 
hygienic  laugh." 

Again  he  says  at  a  later  period,  "  Here  we  all  are  at  Mackinac,  and  enjoy- 
ing ourselves  too  well  not  to  tell  you  about  it,  and  to  wish  you  were  here  with  us. 
The  climate,  the  air,  etc.,  perform  the  promise  made  last  year,  and,  as  all  the 
family  are  with  me,  I  enjoy  vastly  more  than  I  did  last  year.  I  never 
breathed  such  air  before,  and  this  must  be  some  that  was  clear  out  of  Eden, 
and  did  not  get  cursed.  I  sleep  every  night  under  sheet,  blanket  and  cover- 
let, and  no  day  is  too  warm  for  smart  walking  and  vigorous  bowling.  The 
children  are  crazy  with  animal  spirits,  and  eat  in  such  a  way  as  to  demon- 
strate the  epigastric  paradox  that  the  quantity  contained  may  be  greater 


46  MACKINAC    AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

than  the  container.     I  verily  believe  if  you  would  spend  one  summjr  here — 
say  from  about  the  middle  of  July  to  the  middle  of  September — it  would 

make  your  brain  as  good  as  S D 's  brain  ever  was  since  it  occupied 

its  present  cranium,  and  that  is  saying  a  good  deal." 


NATIONAL  PAEK.-ISLAND  OF  MACKINAO. 

A   8PEKCH   BY   THE    HON.    T.    W.    FEURT,    UNITED    STATES    SENATOR    FROM    MICHIGAN. 

In  the  Senatii,  Tuesday^  March  11,  1873. 

Mr.  FERRY,  of  Michigan.     I  submit  a  Senate  Resolution,  which  I  ask  to 
have  read  and  considered  at  this  time. 
The  resolution  was  read  as  follows  : 

Resolved  by  the  Senate,  That  the  Secretary  of  "War  be  directed  to  Consider 
the  expediency  of  dedicating  to  the  public  use  so  much  of  the  Island  of 
Mackinac,  lying  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  within  the  County  of  Mackinac, 
in  the  State  of  Michigan,  as  is  now  held  by  the  United  States  under  Military 
Reservation  or  otherwise  (excepting  the  Fort  Llackinac  and  so  much  of  the 
present  reservation  thereof  as  bounds  it  to  the  south  of  the  village  of  Macki- 
nac, and  to  the  west,  north,  and  east,  respectively,  by  lines  drawn  north  and 
south,  east  and  west,  at  a  distance  from  the  present  fort  flag-staff  of  four 
hundred  yards),  to  be  reserved  and  withdrawn  from  settlement,  occupancy, 
or  sale  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  dedicated  and  set  apart  as  a 
National  Public  Park,  or  grounds,  for  health,  comfort,  and  pleasure,  for  the 
benefit  and  enjoyment  of  the  people  ;  that  all  persons  who  shall  locate  or 
settle  upon  or  occupy  the  same  or  any  part  thereof,  except  as  herein  pro- 
vided^ shall  be  considered  trespassers  and  removed  therefrom  ;  that  said 
public  park  shall  be  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  and  publish  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he 
may  deem  necessary  or  proper  for  the  care  and  management  of  the  same. 
Such  regulations  shall  provide  for  the  preservation  from  injury  or  spoliation 
of  all  timber,  mineral  deposits,  natural  curiosities,  or  wonders  within  said 
park,  and  their  retention  in  their  natural  condition.  The  Secretary  may  in 
his  discretion,  grant  leases,  for  building  purposes,  of  small  parcels  of  ground 
at  such  places  in  said  park  as  shall  require  the  erection  of  buildings  for  the 
accommodation  of  visitors,  for  terms  not  exceeding  ten  years ;  all  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  said  leases,  and  all  other  revenues  derived  from  any  source  con- 
nected with  said  park,  to  be  expended,  under  his  direction,  in  the  manage- 
ment o.'  the  same  and  in  the  construction  of  roads  and  bridle-paths  therein. 
He  shall  provide  against  the  wanton  destruction  of  game  or  fish  found  within 
said  park,  and  against  their  capture  or  destruction  for  any  purposes  of  use 
or  profit.  He  shall  also  cause  all  persons  trespassing  upon  the  same,  when 
by   law   thus  set  apart,  to  be  removed    therefrom,  and  generally  shall  be 


NATIONAL   PARK — ISLAND    OF    MACKINAC.  47 

authorized  to  take  all  such  measures  as  shall  be  necessary  or  proper  to  fully 
carry  out  the  objects  and  purposes  exiwessed  ;  and  that  the  Secretary  be 
required  to  report  to  the  Senate,  at  the  opening  of  the  next  session  of  Con- 
gress, whether  or  not  such  dedication  would  be  incompatible  with  the  public 
service.  -  .       . 

Mr.  President,  I  ask  the  indulgence  of  the  Senate  to  occupy  a  few  moments 
in  stating  why  I  desire  this  resolution  to  pass,  and  to  very  briefly  call  atten- 
tion to  some  of  the  considerations  which  have  moved  me  to  take  steps  toward 
the  attainment  of  a  measure  wholly  in  the  interest  of  the  public  good. 

My  purpose  was  to  invite  action  upon  this  project,  by  the  passage  of  a  bill, 
of  like  features,  at  the  late  session  of  Congress.  The  extraordinary  pressure 
of  graver  matters  precluded  the  possibility  of  consideration.  ISotwithstand- 
ing  the  approval  of  both  Military  Committees  of  that  Congress,  following  the 
concurrence  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  rules  of  the  Senate,  rigorously  en- 
forced, barred  what  I  had  good  reason  to  believe  the  ready  passage  of  the 
bill.  Since  it  could  not  be  reached,  and  fell  with  other  measures  by  the  ter- 
mination of  Congress,  I  desire  now,  to  so  far  recur  to  it  as  to  call  public 
attention  to  the  subject,  that  during  the  months  of  recess  before  us  popular 
judgment  and  comment  may  find  way  to  the  next  Congress,  in  approval  or 
disapproval  of  what  I  am  persuaded  will  verily  subserve  the  general  welfare. 

As  the  bill  expresses,  its  object  is  to  set  apart  as  a  National  Park,  and 
dedicate  to  the  public  use,  all  of  the  public  grounds,  except  the  necessary 
surroundings  of  the  fort,  now  held  by  the  Government  within  the  Island  of 
Mackinac,  as  a  Military  Reservation  or  otherwise.  If  ir.  past  years  this 
Island  was  considered  as  a  point  of  such  strategic  importance  as  to  warrant 
its  withdrawal  from  public  sale,  it  certainly  cannot  longer  be  regarded  as  so 
essential  to  the  national  safety  as  to  be  continued  in  the  sense  of  an  indis- 
pensable military  reservation.  Whatever  of  importance  may  have  attached 
to  salient  points  along  our  northern  border,  as  coming  within  the  scope  of 
national  guardianship  and  retention  against  the  possible  event  of  rupture 
with  the  British  government,  these  fears  may  henceforth  be  regarded  as 
groundless.  War  with  England  would  be  an  American  occupation  of  her 
Canadian  possessions.  For  military  purposes,  therefore,  we  no  longer  need 
to  hold  the  Island  of  Mackinac.  This  fact  is  practically  recognized  by  the 
dilapidated  condition  of  the  Fort,  now  left  to  crumble  into  decay  by  the  in- 
difference shown  by  the  Government  to  any  expenditure  looking  to  the  pre- 
servation of  the  military  works  at  that  post.  Were  it  otherwise,  and  the 
point  deemed  of  any  importance  in  respect  to  future  military  necessities,  this 
design  does  in  nowise  conflict  with  any  such  use  of  the  Island  which  the  mili- 
tary exigencies  of  the  country  might  demand.  It  seeks  not  to  divert  from, 
but  to  keep  it,  as  now,  under  the  continued  control  of  the  War  De])artraent  of 
the  Government.  In  the  possibilities  of  the  future,  the  use  to  which  it  is 
proposed  to  dedicate  the  Island  will  not  prejudice  or  defeat  the  utilization  of 
the  spot  as  a  base  for  military  operations.  Then,  as  now,  the  Government 
will  have  the  same  access  to  and  occupation  of  its  area  for  all  purposes  of 


48  MACKINAC    AND   ITS    VICINITY. 

public  emergency.  There  can  be,  therefore,  no  military  objection  to  the  pur- 
pose sought.  To  place  this  beyond  doubt,  during  the  late  session  I  formally 
invited  the  attention  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to  the  provisions  of  the 
measure,  and  asked  his  'onsideration  and  approval  of  the  same,  if  deemed 
compatible  with  the  public  use  and  safety.  The  General  of  the  Army  was 
also  conferred  with  upon  the  subject.  The  officer  having  military  charge  of 
the  lakes  was  called  upon  to  express  any  objections  which  might  occur  to 
him  against  the  adoption  of  such  a  measure.  Besides,  as  stated,  the  Military 
Committee  of  the  last  Senate  fully  considered  the  proposition,  and  now  all 
these  may  be  said  to  have  given  their  unqualified  approval  of  the  measure. 

I  have  said  this  much  upon  the  military  aspect  of  the  case,  more  because 
of  the  fact  of  the  reservation  being  a  military  one,  and  held  as  such,  and  pos- 
sibly considered  by  the  public  as  of  some  strategic  importance.  When  in 
the  early  years  of  our  lake  navigation  the  commerce  of  the  lakes  passed 
through  the  north  channel,  between  Mackinac  and  Round  Island,  the  fort  on 
Mackinac  Island  commanded  this  commerce.  Of  later  years  it  has  been 
found  that  the  better  one  is  what  is  now  known  as  the  South  Channel, 
through  which  the  great  part  of  the  growing  commerce  of  these  lakes  passes, 
and  really  Mackinac  is  too  distant  from  the  course  taken  to  be  of  any  prac- 
tical use  in  a  military  espionage  of  this  branch  of  national  pursuits. 

It  is  a  significant  historial  commentary  of  this,  that  Old  Mackinaw  on  the 
main  land  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan,  was  where  the  English  first 
erected  their  fort,  following  in  the  wake  of  the  Indian  choice  of  the  like  spot 
as  the  commanding  one  of  the  Straits.  The  Island  of  Mackinac  was  not  till 
1780  selected  as  a  locality  of  any  importance,  and  then  by  the  English  as  a 
place  of  security,  by  its  isolation,  from  the  surprises  and  iticursions  of  war- 
like savages.  The  massacre  of  the  English  garrison  at  Old  Mackinaw  by 
hostile  Indians,  in  1763,  led  to  the  selection  of  Mackinac  Island  as  the  more 
secluded  and  consequently  safer,  rather  than  the  most  commanding  location 
for  the  military  defence  of  the  Straits.  The  Island  falling  into  our  hands  by 
the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  of  1783,  retaken  by  the  British  in  1812,  and 
restored  by  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  1814,  has,  by  these  successive  transitions, 
historically  grown  into  military  fame.  The  observant  and  instinctive  Indian 
chose  better  when  he  established  his  point  d'appui  at  Old  Mackinaw,  where 
the  Strnits  are  but  four  miles  wide,  and  the  narrowest  point,  mther  than,  as 
the  white  man  since  has  done,  on  an  island  seven  miles  distant  from  the 
course  of  commerce. 

It  will  hence  be  noticed  that  whatever  may  be  the  reasons  for  retaining 
possession  of  the  Island  for  Gove  nment  uses,  it  cannot  chiefly  be  considered 
as  of  much  military  significance  to  the  nation.  Of  traditional  and  historical 
value  it  possesses  much  to  endear  it  to  the  people,  and  as  one  of  the  earlier 
landmarks  of  Pfctional  boundary  and  history,  it  will  not  easily  pass  out  of 
annals  or  recollections. 

In  the  estimation  of  the  natives,  who  made  it  a  point  of  interest  bordering 
upon  veneration,  the  Island  was  not  only  of  singular  beauty,  but  made  sacred 
to  them  by  legends  and  traditions  from  immemor"  1  tribes  and  races. 


NATIONAL   PARK — ISLAND   OP   MACKINAC.  49 

Its  antiquity  is  worthy  of  note.  As  early  as  the  Puritan  landing  it  was 
trodden  by  whites,  for  the  French  occupied  and  roamed  about  it  in  1G20.  At 
Old  Mackinaw,  Pere  Marquette  established  his  mission  in  107 1,  and  following 
his  death  this  mission  of  peace  was  transformed  into  the  seat  of  war.  Thous- 
ands of  Indian  warriors  held  their  councils  and  dances,  and  planned  their 
murderous  forays  at  these  notable  chief  quarters.  The  confederate  tribes 
gathered  here  to  devise  ways  and  means  to  capture  and  destroy  tribal  foes. 
It  was  the  grand  place  of  meeting  and  point  of  departure  for  trade  and  war. 
Here  the  scalps  were  brought  and  counted,  the  wampum  distributed,  and  the 
warrior  decorated. 

So  near  this  scene  of  warlike  sway,  where  whoop  and  song  made  nightly 
orgies  more  terribly  hideous,  it  was  not  strange  that  the  superstitious  Indian, 
beholding  in  the  distance  an  island  of  much  natural  beauty  and  grotesque 
crest,  three  hundred  feet  above  the  watery  surface,  naturally  clothed  its 
striking  features  with  the  supernatural,  naming  it  "  The  Island  of  Giant 
Fairies." 

To  this  day  the  Indian  looks  upon  and  treads  the  almost  unbroken  surface 
of  Mackinac  with  much  of  the  veneration  which  inspired  his  early  fathers 
when  they  first  saw  and  consecrated  to  the  Great  Spirit  the  favored  island. 

It  is,  Mr.  President,  to  hold  intact,  as  far  as  practicable,  this  Island,  fast 
becoming  the  favorite  of  the  white  man  as  well  as  the  Indian,  that  I  seek  by 
the  measure  proposed  to  guard  against  its  natural  curiosities  and  beauty 
being  lessened  or  destroyed  by  the  hands  of  wanton  despoilcrs.  We  cannot 
too  early  or  too  surely  arrest  and  preserve  from  decay  relics  of  national  his- 
tory or  fame.  We  owe  it  to  ourselves  and  to  the  future  to  grasp  and  fix  in 
some  form  to  hand  down  to  posterity,  all  points  or  incidents  of  historic  value 
which  serve  to  illustrate  the  march  of  the  nation.  I  would  add  this  example 
in  perpetuity  of  that  worthy  record,  that  this,  with  other  national  memorials, 
may  not  perish  but  brighten  with  the  lapse  of  time.  In  what  better  or  surer 
way  can  this  be  done,  in  this  instance,  than  by  devoting  the  reservation  to 
the  free  use  and  pleasure  of  the  public,  and  by  this  very  dedication  to  that 
object  lead  each  and  every  visitor  and  constituent  of  the  nation  to  take  a  per- 
sonal interest  and  make  it  an  individual  matter,  to  protest  against  any  form 
of  vandalism  calculated  to  lessen  its  value  and  favor.  By  the  act  setting 
apart  for  the  public  the  distant,  wilder  and  grander  areas  of  the  "  Yosemite  " 
and  "Yellowstone,"  the  desire  of  the  people  is  disclosed  to  do  something 
looking  to  the  protection  and  perpetuation  of  places  of  natural  curiosities 
as  national  possessions  for  general  enjoyment.  'With  all  of  their  plodding 
traits,  the  American  people  are  developing  in  many  ways  the  love  for  the 
beautiful.  The  practical  is  sharing  somewhat  with  (he  aesthetical.  Vast- 
ness  and  grandeur  will  be  sought  in  the  parks  of  the  Yosemite  and  Yellow- 
stone, at  the  cost  of  distance  and  inconvenience.  Mackinac  lies  in  the  path 
of  the  lakes,  with  proximity  and  ease  to  invite  to  its  charms.  Nine  miles  in 
circumference,  with  an  area  of  six  thousand  acres,  about  two  thousand  of 
which  the  Government  owns ;  its  altitude  greater  than  other  islands  of  the 
4 


6t  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

&i,i  -v' ;  its  famed  successive  strifes  for  national  possession  in  the  memerials 
of  the  "British  Landing"  and  *' Fort  Holmes,"  whose,  imperishable  moat 
records  the  fall  of  an  American  hero;  its  natural  curiosities  of"  Arch  Rock," 
"Sugar  Loaf,"  and  rocks  and  caves  of  legendary  incident,  these,  interspersed 
with  profusion  of  variegated  perennial  growth,  contrasting  with  the  hue  of 
transparent  waters  embracing  it;  and  to  this  unique  scenery  add  the  sur- 
rounding spectacle  of  waters  dotted  with  islands  and  flecked  with  sail  and 
steam,  the  horizon  frequently  decked  with  mirage — breath  of  antagonizing 
vapors — and  we  find  the  source  of  attraction  which  is  fast  making  this  Island 
the  most  note-worthy  of  the  group  which  adorns  the  uniting  waters  of  Lakes 
Superior,  Michigan,  and  Huron.  Already  hundreds  flock  there  during  the 
heated  season  for  escape  from  warmer  latitudes.  Plunged  in  cool  waters,  the 
Island  is  fanned  by  u  temperature  whose  invigorating  effect  is  the  avowed 
experience  of  all  sojourners. 

Famous  for  the  products  of  its  waters,  it  is  also  celebrated  for  the  salubrity 
cf  its  climate.  Situate  about  350  miles  from  Chicago,  and  say  300  from  De- 
troit, it  has  heretofore  been  reached  only  by  lake  navigation. 

Steamers  daily  touch  there  from  either  way. 

Many  have  no  objections  to  traversing  the  water  ;  others  dislike  to  venture 
upon  its  restless  surface,  and  this  unavoidable  means  of  approach  has,  to  a 
great  extent,  dissuaded  large  numbers  from  seeking  its  pleasures  and  benefits. 
Two  lines  of  railroad  will  soon  be  completed,  terminating  at  Old  Mackinaw.  A 
company  has  been  organized  to  construct  a  road  connecting  with  the  Northern 
Pacific,  and,  meeting  opposite  this  terminus,  to  form  a  transcontinental  route 
to  the  Pacific,  broken  only  by  the  four  miles  passage  of  the  Straits.  Within 
sight  of  the  moving  masses  upon  this  future  national  thoroughfare,  and  in 
full  view  of  the  commerce  of  the  chain  of  lakes,  it  needs  no  prophetic  eye  to 
forecast  the  prominence  in  store  for  such  an  easily  reached  and  charmingly 
situated  summer  retreat. 


EAELT  JESUIT  HISTOEY. 

The  following  Extract  is  from  a  letter  written  by  Marquette  in  1671,  and 
published  in  the  Relations  des  Jesuits  of  that  year : 

"  Michilimackinac  is  an  island  famous  in  these  regions,  of  more  than 
a  league  in  diameter,  and  elevated  in  some  places  by  such  high  cliffs  as  to  be 
seen  more  than  twelve  leagues  off.  It  is  situated  just  in  the  strait  forming  the 
communication  between  Lake  Huron  and  Illinois  (Michigan),  It  is  the  key 
and,  as  it  were,  the  gate  for  all  the  tribes  from  the  Fouth,  as  the  Sault  is  from 
those  of  the  north,  there  being  in  this  section  of  country  only  those  two  pas- 
gages  by  water  ;  for  a  great  number  of  nations  have  to  go  by  one  or  other  of 
these  channels,  in  order  to  reach  tho»French  settlements. 

"  This  presents  a  peculiarly  favorable  opportunity,  both   for  instructing 


EARLY   JESUIT   HISTORY.  61 

those  who  pass  here,  and  also  for  obtaining  easy  access  and  conveyance 
to  their  places  of  abode. 

"  This  place  is  the  most  noted  in  these  regions  for  the  abundance  of  its 
fishes;  for,  according  to  the  Indian  saying,  '  this  is  the  home  of  the  fishes.' 
Elsewhere,  although  they  exist  in  large  numbers,  it  is  not  properly  their 
'home,'  which  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  Michilimackinac. 

"  In  fact,  besides  the  fish  common  to  all  the  other  tribes,  as  the  herring, 
carp,  pike,  gold-fish,  white-fish,  and  sturgeon,  there  are  found  three  varieties 
of  the  trout, — one  common  ;  the  second  of  a  larger  size,  three  feet  long  and 
one  foot  thick;  the  third  monstrous,  for  we  cannot  otherwise  describe  it,  it 
feeing  so  fat  that  the  Indians,  who  have  a  peculiar  relish  for  fats,  can  scarcely 
eat  it.  Besides,  the  supply  is  such  that  a  single  Indian  will  take  forty  or 
fifty  of  them  through  the  ice,  with  a  single  spear,  in  three  hours. 

"  It  is  this  attraction  which  has  heretofore  drawn  to  a  point  so  advantage- 
ous the  greater  part  of  the  savages  in  this  country,  driven  away  by  fear  of  the 
Iroquois.  The  three  tribes  at  present  living  on  the  Bay  des  Puants  (Green 
Bay)  as  strangers,  formerly  dwelt  on  the  main-land  near  the  middle  of  this 
island — some  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Illinois,  others  on  the  borders  of  Lake 
Huron.  A  part  of  ihem,  called  Sautcurs,  had  their  abode  on  the  main  land  at 
the  west,  and  the  others  looked  upon  this  place  as  their  country  for  passing 
the  Winter,  when  there  are  no  fish  at  the  Sault.  The  Hurons,  called  Etonon- 
tathronons,  have  lived  for  some  years  in  the  same  island,  to  escape  the 
Iroquois.     Four  villages  of  Ottawas  had  also  their  abode  in  this  quarter. 

"  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  those  who  bore  the  name  of  the  island,  and 
called  themselves  Michilimackinac,  were  so  numerous  that  some  of  the  sur- 
vivors yet  living  here  assure  us  that  they  once  had  thirty  villages,  all  inclosed 
in  a  fortification  of  a  league  and  a  half  in  circuit,  when  the  Iroquois  came 
and  defeatea  them,  inflated  by  a  victory  they  had  gained  over  three  thous- 
and men  of  that  nation,  who  had  carried  their  hostilities  as  far  as  the  country 
of  the  Agnichronnons. 

"  In  one  word,  the  quantity  of  fish,  united  with  the  excellence  of  the  soil 
for  Indian  corn,  has  always  been  a  powerful  attraction  to  the  tribes  in  these 
regious,  of  which  the  greater  part  subsist  only  on  fish,  but  some  on  Indian 
corn.  On  this  account,  many  of  these  same  tribes,  perceiving  that  the  peace 
is  likely  to  be  established  with  the  Iroquois,  have  turned  their  attention  to 
this  point,  so  convenient  for  a  return  to  their  own  country,  and  will  follow 
the  examples  of  those  who  have  made  a  beginning  on  the  islands  of  Lake 
Huron,  which  by  this  means  will  soon  be  peopled  from  one  end  to  the  other, 
an  event  highly  desirable  to  facilitate  the  instruction  of  the  Indian  race, 
whom  it  would  not  be  necessary  to  seek  by  journeys  of  two  or  three  hundred 
leagues  on  these  great  lakes,  with  inconceivable  danger  and  hardship. 

"  In  order  to  aid  the  execution  of  the  design,  signified  to  us  by  many  of  the 
savages,  of  taking  up  their  abode  at  this  point,  where  some  have  already 
passed  the  Winter,  hunting  in  the  neighborhood,  we  ourselves  have  also 
wintered  here,  in  order  to  make  arrangements  for  establishing  the  Mission  of 
St.  Ignacp.,  from  whence  it  will  be  easy  to  have  access  to  all  the  Indians  of 


52  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

Lake  Huron,  when  the  several  tribes  shall  have  settled  each  on  its  own 
lands. 

"  With  these  advantages,  the  place  has  also  its  inconveniences,  particularly 
for  tlie  French,  who  are  not  yet  familiar,  as  are  the  savages,  with  the  differ- 
ent kinds  of  fishery,  in  which  the  latter  are  trained  from  their  birth  ;  the 
winds  and  the  tides  occasion  no  small  embarrassment  to  the  fishermen. 

"  The  winds:  For  this  is  the  central  point  between  the  three  great  lakes 
which  surround  it,  and  which  seem  incessantly  tossing  ball  at  each  other. 
For  no  sooner  has  the  wind  ceased  blowing  from  Lake  Michigan  than  Lake 
Huron  hurls  back  the  gale  it  has  received,  and  Lake  Superior  in  its  turn  sends 
forth  its  blasts  from  another  quarter,  and  thus  the  game  is  played  from  one 
to  the  other;  and  as  these  lakes  are  of  vastextent,  the  winds  cannot  be  other- 
wise than  boisterous,  especially  during  the  Autumn." 

"  From  this  letter  we  conclude,"  says  a  latewriter,"  that  Marquette  musthave 
come  to  Michilimackinac  in  1670,  as  he  spent  a  "Winter  here  before  the  estab- 
lishment of  his  mission.  Point  Iroquois,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Straits,  was 
selected  as  the  most  suitable  place  for  the  proposed  mission,  and  there,  in 
1671,  a  rude  and  unshapely  chapel,  its  sides  of  log  and  its  roof  of  bark,  was 
raised  as  "  the  first  sylvan  shrine  of  Catholicity"  at  Mackinac.  This  primi- 
tive temple  was  as  simple  as  the  faith  taught  by  the  devoted  missionary,  and  had 
nothing  to  impress  the  censes,  nothing  to  win  by  a  dazzling  exterior,  the 
wayward  children  of  the  forest.  The  new  mission  was  called  St.  Ignatius, 
in  honor  of  the  founder  of  the  Jesuit  order,  aud  to  this  day  the  name  is  per- 
petuated in  the  point  upon  which  the  mission  stood." 

Father  Marqr.ette. 

The  following  interesting  extract  is  taken  from  Shea's  ^'■Discovery  and  Ex- 
ploration of  the  Mississippi ^^^  being  a  copy  of  a  letter  to  Father  Dablon,  dated 
in  1671,  the  next  year  after  his  first  visit  to  Michilimackinac. 

"  Rev.  Father, — The  Hurons,  called  Tionnontateronnoub,  ov^^PetunNation,^^ 
who  compose  the  Mission  of  St.  Ignatius  at  Michilimackinong,  began  last 
year  near  the  chapel  a  fort  inclosing  all  their  cabins.  They  have  come  regu- 
larly to  prayers,  and  have  listened  more  readily  to  the  instructions  I  gave 
them,  consenting  to  what  I  required  to  prevent  their  disorders  and  abomin- 
able customs.  We  must  have  patience  with  untutored  minds,  who  know  only 
the  devil,  who,  like  their  ancestors,  have  been  his  slaves,  and  who  often 
relapse  into  the  sins  in  which  they  were  nurtured.  God  alone  can  fix  these 
fickle,  minds,  and  place  and  keep  them  in  his  grace,  and  touch  their  hearts 
while  we  stammer  at  their  ears. 

"  The  Tionnontateronnons  number  this  year  three  hundred  and  eighty  souls, 
and  besides  sixty  Outaouasinagaux  have  joined  them.  Some  of  these  came 
from  the  Mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  where  Father  Andre  wintered  with 
them  last  year.     They  are  quite  changed  from  what  I  saw  them  at  Lapointe. 


EARLY   JESUIT   HISTORY.  53 

The  zeal  and  patience  of  tnat  missionary  have  gained  to  the  faith  those 
hearts  which  seemed  to  us  most  averse  to  it.  They  now  wish  to  be  Chiis- 
tians  ;  they  bring  their  children  to  the  chapel  to  be  baptized,  and  come 
regularly  to  prayers. 

"  Having  been  obliged  to  go  to  St.  Marie  du  Sault  with  Father  Allouez  last 
Summer,  the  Hurons  came  to  the  chapel  during  my  absence  as  regularly  as  it 
I  had  been  there,  the  girls  singing  what  prayers  they  knew.  They  counted 
the  days  of  my  absence,  and  constantly  asked  when  I  was  to  be  back.  1  w  as 
absent  only  fourteen  days,  and  on  my  arrival  all  assembled  at  chapel,  some 
coming  even  from  their  fields,  which  are  at  a  very  considerable  distance. 

"  I  went  readily  to  their  pumpkin-feast,  where  I  instructed  them,  and 
invited  them  to  thank  God,  who  gave  them  food  in  plenty,  while  other  tribes 
that  had  not  yet  embraced  Christianity  were  actually  struggling  with  famine. 
I  ridiculed  dreams,  and  urged  those  who  had  been  baptized  to  acknowledge 
Him  whose  adopted  children  they  were.  Those  who  gave  the  feast,  though 
still  idolators,  spoke  in  high  terms  of  Christianity,  and  openly  made  the  sign 
of  the  cross  before  all  present.  Some  young  men,  whom  they  had  tried  by 
ridicule  to  prevent  from  doing  it,  persevered,  and  make  the  sign  of  the  cross 
in  the  greatest  assemblies,  even  when  I  am  not  present. 

"An  Indian  of  distinction  among  the  Hurons,  having  invited  me  to  a  feast 
where  the  chiefs  were,  called  them  severally  by  name,  and  told  them  that  he 
wished  to  declare  his  thoughts,  that  all  might  know  it,  namely,  that  he  was 
a  Christian  ;  that  he  renounced  the  god  of  dreams  and  all  their  lewd  dunces  ; 
that  the  black-gown  was  master  of  his  cabin  ;  and  that  for  nothing  that  might 
happen  would  he  forsake  hia  resolution.  Delighted  to  hear  this,  I  spoke 
more  strongly  than  1  had  ever  yet  done,  telling  them  that  my  only  design  was 
to  put  them  in  the  way  of  heaven  ;  that  for  this  alone  I  remained  among 
them  :  that  this  obliged  me  to  assist  them  at  the  peril  of  my  life.  As  soon 
as  anything  is  said  in  an  assembly,  it  is  immediately  divulged  through  all  the 
cabins,  as  I  saw  in  this  case  by  the  assiduity  of  some  in  coming  to  prayers, 
and  by  the  malicious  efforts  of  others  to  neutralize  my  instructions. 

"  Severe  as  the  Winter  is,  it  does  not  prevent  the  Indians  from  coming  to 
the  chapel.  Some  come  twice  a  day,  be  the  wind  or  cold  what  it  may.  Last 
Fall  I  began  to  instruct  some  to  make  general  confessions  of  their  whole  life, 
and  to  prepare  others  who  had  never  confessed  since  their  baptism.  I  would 
not  have  supposed  that  Indians  could  have  given  so  exact  an  account  of  all 
that  had  happened  in  the  course  of  their  life  ;  but  it  wai  seriously  done,  as 
some  took  two  weeks  to  examine  themselves.  Since  then  I  have  perceived  a 
marked  change ;  so  that  they  will  not  go  even  to  ordinary  feasts  without 
asking  my  permission. 

"  I  have  this  year  baptized  twenty-eight  children,  one  of  which  had  been 
brought  from  Ste.  Marie  du  Sault,  without  having  received  that  sacrament, 
as  the  Rev.  F.  Henry  Nouvel  informed  me,  to  put  me  on  my  guard.  Without 
my  knowing  it,  the  child  fell  sick  ;  but  God  permitted  that,  while  instructing 
in  my  cabin  two  important  and  sensible  Indians,  one  asked  me  whether  such 
a  sick  child  was  baptized.     I  went  at  once,  baptized  it,  and  it  died  the  next 


54  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

night.  Somo  of  the  other  children,  too,  are  dead,  and  now  in  heaven.  These 
are  the  cousohvtions  which  God  sends  us,  which  malic  us  esteem  our  life  more 
happy  as  it  is  more  wretched. 

"  This,  Father,  is  all  I  have  to  give  about  this  mission,  where  minds  are  now 
more  mild,  tractable,  and  better  disposed  to  receive  instruction,  than  in  any- 
other  part.  I  am  ready,  however,  to  leave  it  in  the  hands  of  another  mis- 
sionary to  go  on  your  order  to  seek  new  nations  toward  the  South  Sea  who 
are  still  unknown  to  us,  and  to  teach  them  of  our  great  God,  whom  they  have 
hitherto  unknown." 

In  a  recent  Work  on  Old  and  New  Mackinac,  the  author,  Rev.  J.  A.  Van 
Fleet,  says : 

"  While  Marquette  was  thus  engaged  in  the  labors  of  his  mission,  his  pro- 
ject for  discovering  and  exploring  the  Mississippi  had  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  French  Government,  and  through  the  influence  of  M.  Talon,  the  intend- 
ant,  a  resolution  had  been  formed  to  act  in  the  matter  at  once.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  the  French,  supposing  that  the  Mississippi  might  empty  into 
the  Gulf  of  California,  hoped,  in  discovering  that  river,  to  find  also  a  short 
passage  across  the  continent  to  China.  Having  once  formed  the  resolution 
to  go  in  search  of  the  Great  River,  they  were  not  long  in  making  all  needful 
preparation  for  putting  it  into  execution. 

"Sieur  Joliet  was  designated  as  the  agent  of  the  French  Government  to 
carry  out  the  design,  and  Marquette  was  to  accompany  him.  But  little  is 
known  of  Joliet  except  in  his  connection  with  this  one  enterprise,  which 
alone  is  sufficient  to  immortalize  his  name." 

The  following  Extract  is  taken  from  the  pen  of  Father  Dablon,  the  friend 
and  adviser  of  Marquette.  — 

"  They  were  not  mistaken  in  their  choice  of  the  Sieur  Joliet ;  for  he  was 
a  young  man  born  in  this  country  and  endowed  with  every  quality  that  could 
be  desired  in  such  an  enterprise.  He  possessed  experience,  and  a  knowledge 
of  the  languages  of  the  Ottawa  country,  where  he  had  spent  several  years  j 
he  had  the  tact  3  id  prudence  so  necessary  for  the  success  of  a  voyage  equally 
dangerous  and  difficult;  and,  lastly,  he  had  courage  to  fear  nothing  where  all 
is  to  be  feared.  He  accordingly  fulfilled  the  expectations  entertained  of  him ; 
and  if,  after  having  passed  through  dangers  of  a  thousand  kinds,  he  had  not 
unfortunately  been  wrecked  in  the  very  harbor — his  canoe  having  upset  below 
the  Sault  St.  Louis,  near  Montreal,  where  he  lost  his  men  and  papers,  and 
only  escaped  by  a  kind  of  miracle,  with  his  life — the  success  of  his  voyage 
had  left  nothing  to  be  desired. 

"  When  the  Ottawa  flotilla  of  1672  brought  back  from  Quebec  the  news  that 


EARLY   JESUIT   HISTORY.  M 

his  long-cherished  desire  was  about  to  be  gratified,  Marquette  exulted  at  the 
prospect  before  him.  It  involved  danger  and  hardship  ;  the  way  was  blockcd 
up  by  hostile  Indian  tribes,  and  his  health  was  already  impaired  by  the  trials 
and  privations  which  had  fallen  to  his  lot,  but  no  consideration  of  personal 
safety  could  deter  him  from  his  purpose.  It  even  gloried  in  the  prospect  of 
martyrdom. 

"  Joliet,  at  length,  arrived  at  the  mission,  and  together  they  spent  the  Win- 
ter in  making  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  voyage." 

The  following  quotation  is  from  Marquette's  own  narrative,  as  published 
by  Shea  : 

"  The  day  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  whom  I 
had  always  invoked  since  I  have  been  in  this  Ottawa  country  to  obtain  of  God 
the  grace  to  be  able  to  visit  the  nations  on  the  river  Mississippi,  was  identi- 
cally that  on  which  M.  Joliet  arrived  with  orders  of  the  Oomte  de  Frontenac, 
our  governor,  and  M.  Talon,  our  intendant,  to  make  this  discovery  with  me. 
I  was  the  more  enraptured  at  this  good  news,  as  I  saw  my  designs  on  the 
point  of  being  accomplished,  and  myself  in  the  happy  necessity  of  exposing 
my  life  for  the  salvation  of  all  these  nations,  and  particularly  for  the  Illinois, 
who  had,  when  I  was  at  Lapointe  du  St.  Esprit,  very  earnestly  entreated  me 
to  carry  the  word  of  God  to  their  country. 

"  We  were  not  long  in  preparing  our  outfit,  although  we  were  embarking 
on  a  voyage  the  duration  of  which  we  co.uld  not  foresee.  Indian  corn,  with 
some  dried  meat,  was  our  whole  stock  of  provisions.  With  this,  we  set  out 
in  two  bark  canoes — M.  Joliet,  myself,  and  five  men — firmly  resolved  to  do  all 
and  suffer  all  for  so  glorious  an  enterprise. 

"  It  was  on  the  17th  of  May,  1673,  that  we  started  from  the  Mission  of  St. 
Ignatius,  at  Michilimackinac,  where  I  then  was.  Our  joy  at  being  chosen 
for  this  expedition  roused  our  courage,  and  sweetened  the  labor  of  rowing 
from  morning  till  night.  As  we  were  going  to  seek  unknown  countries,  we 
took  all  possible  precautions,  that,  if  our  enterprise  was  hazardous,  it  should 
not  be  foolhardly.  For  this  reason  we  gathered  all  possible  information  from 
Indians  who  had  frequented  those  parts,  and  even  from  their  accounts  traced  a 
map  of  all  the  new  country,  marking  down  the  rivers  on  which  we  were  tasail,- 
the  names  of  the  nations  and  places  through  which  we  weie  to  pass,  the  course 
of  the  Great  River,  and  what  direction  we  should  take  when  we  got  to  it. 

"Above  all,  I  put  our  voyage  under  the  protection  of  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Immaculate,  promising  her,  that  if  she  did  us  the  grace  to  discover  the  Great 
River,  I  would  give  it  the  name  of  Conception ;  and  that  I  would  also  give 
that  name  to  the  first  mission  which  I  should  establish  among  these  new 
nations,  as  I  have  actually  done  among  the  Illinois. 

"  With  all  these  precautions,  wcmadeourpaddlesplay  merrily  over  a  partof 
Lake  Huron,  and  that  of  the  Illinois,  into  the  Bay  of  the  Fetid  (Green  Bay). 
The  first  nation  that  we  met  was  that  of  the  Wild  Oats  (English,  wild  rice),  I 
entered  their  river  (Menomonie)  to  visit  them,  as  we  have  preached  the  gos- 
pel to  these  tribes  for  some  years  past,  so  that  there  arfi  many  good  Christians 
among  them.  -■,^^-....^.,--.^.^.-.-.^^..,  ..-,.. ..s-..^.,..-,^^^  .,^,^„,.-^^  ^ 


66  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

"  I  informed  these  people  of  the  Wild  Oats  of  my  design  of  geing  to  dis- 
cover distant  nations  to  instruct  them  in  the  mysteries  of  our  holy  religion; 
they  were  very  much  surprised,  and  did  their  best  to  dissuade  me.  They  told 
me  that  I  would  meet  nations  that  never  spare  strangers,  but  tomahawk  them 
without  any  provocation  ;  that  the  war  which  had  broken  out  among  various 
nations  on  our  route,  exposed  us  to  another  evident  danger — that  of  being 
killed  by  the  war-parties  which  are  constantly  in  the  iicld  ;  that  the  Grci' 
River  is  very  dangerous,  unless  the  diflicult  parts  are  known  ;  that  it  wat 
full  of  frightful  monsters,  who  swallowed  up  men  and  canoes  together;  that 
there  is  even  a  demon  there  who  can  be  heard  from  afar,  who  stops  the  pas- 
sage and  ingulfs  all  who  dare  approach  ;  lastly,  that  the  heat  is  so  excessive 
in  those  countries  that  it  would  infallibly  cause  our  death. 

"  I  thanked  them  for  their  kind  advice,  but  assured  them  that  I  could  not 
follow  it,  as  the  salvation  of  souls  was  concerned;  that  for  them  I  should  be 
too  happy  to  lay  down  my  life  ;  that  I  made  light  of  their  pretended  demon  ; 
that  we  would  defend  ourselves  well  enough  against  the  river-monsters  ;  and, 
besides,  we  should  bo  on  our  guard  to  avoid  the  other  dangers  with  which 
they  threatened  us." 


ANCIENT  MAOKINAO-LAKE  SUPEKIOR. 

Copied  from  Charlevoix^  s  Travels  in  North  America  in  1721. 

"  When  Michabou,  '  God  of  the  Waters,'  add  the  Indians,  formed  Lake  Su- 
perior, he  dwelt  at  Michillimakinac,  the  place  of  his  birth  ;  this  name  properly 
belongs  to  an  island  almost  round  and  very  high,  situated  at  the  extremity  of 
Lake  Huron,  though  custom  has  extended  to  it  all  the  country  round  about. 
This  island  may  be  about  three  or  four  miles  in  circumference,  and  is 
seen  at  the  distance  of  ten  leagues.  There  are  two  islands  to  the  south, 
( Hois  Blanc  and  Round  Island, )  the  most  distant  of  which  is  five  or  six  leagues 
long  ;  the  other  is  small  and  quite  round  ;  both  of  them  are  well  wooded  and 
the  soil  excellent,  whereas  that  of  Michillimackinac  is  only  a  barren  rock, 
being  scarce  so  much  as  covered  with  moss  or  herbage.*  It  is,  notwithstand- 
ing, one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  in  all  Canada,  and  has  been  a  long 
time,  according  to  some  ancient  traditions  among  the  Indians,  the  chief  resi- 
dence of  a  nation  of  the  same  name,  and  whereof  they  reckoned,  as  they  say, 
to  the  number  of  thirty  towns,  which  were  dispersed  up  and  down  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Island  and  Straits.  It  is  pretended  they  were  destroyed 
by  the  Iroquois,  but  it  is  not  said  at  what  time  nor  on  what  occasion  ;  what 
is  certain  is,  that  no  vestige  of  them  now  remains.  The  name  of  Michilli- 
makinac  signifies  '  a  great  quantity  of  turtles,'  but  I  have  never  heard  that 
more  of  them  are  found  here  at  this  day  than  elsewhere. 

"The  Michillimakinacs  live  entirely  by  fishing,  and  there  is,  perhaps,  no 

*  This  description  does  not  agree  with  its  present  appearance.    Now  a  small  growth  of  forest 
trees  cover  most  of  the  lovely  island,  while  in  certain  localities  good  crops  can  be  raised. 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  MARQUETTE.  67 

place  in  the  world  where  they  are  in  preater  plenty  ;  the  most  common  sorts 
offish  in  the  throe  lakes,  and  in  the  rivers  which  dlschttrKC  thcmsolvciJ  into 
them,  are  the  carp,  the  herring,  the  pike,  the  slnrgeon,  the  astekameguo  or 
white-fish,  and  especially  the  trout.  There  are  three  sorts  of  these  last 
taken  ;  amongst  which  is  one  of  a  monstrous  size,  and  in  so  prc.it  qnantitics 
that  an  Indian  Avith  his  spear  will  strike  to  the  number  of  fifty  sometimes  in 
the  space  of  three  hours;  but  the  most  famous  of  all  is  the  white-lish;  it  is 
nearly  the  size  and  figure  of  a  shad,  and  whether  fresh  or  salted,  nothing  of 
a  fish  kind  can  excel  it.  The  Indians  tell  you  that  it  was  Michabou  who 
taught  their  ancestors  to  fish,  invented  nets  of  which  he  took  the  idea  from 
Arachne'a,  or  the  spider's  web. 

"The  prospect  you  enjoy  from  this  place  gives  no  very  great  idea  of  the 
fertility  of  the  soil,  though  you  find  excellent  land  at  no  great  distance.  Tiic 
same  may  be  said  of  the  Beaver  Islands,  which  you  leave  on  your  loft  soon 
after  you  have  entered  Lake  Michigan.  The  Cutaways,  who  retired  thither, 
sow  maize  on  them,  which  good  husbandry  they  have  learned  from  the 
Hurons,  with  whom  they  have  long  dwelt  in  those  parts.  The  Amekouys 
had  formerly  their  abode  on  these  islands ;  this  nation  is  now  reduced  to  a  very 
small  number  of  families,  who  have  gone  over  to  the  Island  of  Manitoualin, 
to  the  north  of  Lake  Huron ;  it  is  one  of  the  noblest  in  all  Canada,  according 
to  the  Indians,  who  believe  them  descended  from  the  Great  Beaver,  whose 
name  they  bear,  and  who  is  next  to  Michabou  or  the  Great  Hare,  their  prin- 
cipal deity." 


DEATH  OF  FATHER  MAEQUETTE. 

WniTTEN    BY    CHAIILEVOIX    IN    1721. 

"Father  Joseph  Marquette,  a  native  of  Laon,  in  Picardy,  France,  where  his 
family  still  maintains  a  distinguished  rank,  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
missionaries  of  New  France.  This  person  travelled  over  almost  all  the 
countries  in  it,  and  made  several  important  discoveries,  the  last  of  which 
was  that  of  the  Mississippi,  which  he  entered  with  Sicur  Jolict  in  1673.  Two 
years  after  this  discovery,  an  account  of  which  he  published,  as  he  was  going 
from  Chicagon,  which  is  at  the  bottom  of  Lake  Michigan,  to  Michillimakinac, 
he  entered  on  the  18th  day  of  May,  1675,  the  river  in  question.  Here  he 
erected  his  altar  and  said  mass.  He  went  afterwards  to  a  small  distance  in 
order  to  render  thanks,  and  begged  the  two  men  that  conducted  his  canoe  to 
leave  him  alone  for  half  an  hour.  This  time  having  passed  they  went  to  seek 
him,  and  were  surprised  to  find  him  dead;  they  called  to  mind,  however,  that 
on  entering  the  river  he  had  let  drop  an  expression  that  he  should  end  his 
days  at  that  place. 

"However,  as  it  was  too  far  to  carry  his  body  from  thence  to  Michillimaki- 
nac, they  buried  him  near  the   bank  of  the  river,  which  from  that  time  has 


68  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY". 

retired  by  degrees,  ns  out  of  respect  to  his  remains,  as  fas  as  the  cape,  the 
foot  of  which  it  now  washes,  and  where  it  has  opened  itself  a  new  passage. 
The  year  following,  one  of  the  persons  who  had  paid  the  last  offices  to  this 
ser'-'nt  of  God,  returned  to  the  place  M'here  they  had  buried  him,  took  what 
remained  of  him,  and  carried  it  Michillimakinac.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
learn,  or  else  I  have  forgot,  the  name  the  ri  'er  formerly  bore;  but  at  this 
day  the  Indians  always  call  it  the  river  of  the  btack  robe,  for  thus  the  Indians 
term  the  Jesuits.  The  French  call  this  river  Father  Marquette's  river,  and 
never  fail  to  call  upon  hira  when  they  are  in  any  danger  on  Lake  Michigan." 

Two  centuries  have  now  passed  since  the  death  of  this  distinguished  priest 
and  traveller.  His  memory  being  retained  in  the  minds  of  thousands  of  his 
admirers.     By  the  Indians  he  was  revered  and  almost  worshipped. 

Proposed  Monument  to  the  Memory  of  Pather  James  Marquette. 

Father  Marquette  died  on  the  18th  of  May,  1675,  on  the  cast  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  now  called  Pere  Marquette  River.  Two 
years  after  his  death,  in  1677,  the  Indian?,  took  up  his  remains  and  conveyed 
them  to  the  Mission  of  Mackinac,  situated  on  point  St.  Ignace.  They  were 
here  buried,  but  the  precise  spot  of  interment  is  not  now  known.  There  is, 
however,  here  an  ancient  burying-j^^ound  on  East  Moran  Tay,  a  short  dis- 
tance north  of  the  Point,  wherp  his  remains  are  supposed  to  repose. 

In  1821,  a  priest  of  Detroit  visited  the  place  at  which  he  died  '^n  Marquette 
River,  and  erected  there  a  rude  cross.  A  late  writer  says  :  "  The  services  of 
this  great  missionary  explorer,  however,  deserves  a  grander  recognition,  and 
the  people  of  the  great  Northwest — of  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
especially — regardless  of  sectional  feeling,  should  see  that  the  neglect  is  re- 
paired. The  18th  of  May,  1875,  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  death 
of  Marquette,  would  be  an  appropriate  day  on  which  either  to  begin  or  dedi- 
cate some  memorial  to  his  honor,  either  at  the  place  where  his  last  breath 
passed  away,  or  Point  St.  Ignace,  the  scene  of  his  most  earnest  labors  "  Thig 
subject  was  discussed  in  the  Legislature  of  Michigan  without  being  acted 
upon — it  should  engage  the  attention  of  the  public  at  an  early  day. 

Marquette^  at  an  early  period,  visited  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  of 
America,  in  1668,  and  was  the  first  real  explorer  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  after 
De  Soto,  the  first  European  who  beheld  it.  It  has  been  proposed  by  others 
to  erect  a  suitable  monument  to  his  memory  w'thout  success,  but  novr  seems 


POINT    ST.    IGNACE   AND    OLD    MACKINAW.  59 

the  appropriate  time  for  such  an  undertaking.  An  admirer  of  the  character 
of  Father  Marquette,  says :  "  The  end  men  propose  to  themselves  is  seldom 
the  end  they  reach.  God  works  through  them  and  plans  over  them.  Mar- 
quette meant  the  Christianization  of  a  handful  of  savages  and  the  aggrandize- 
ment of  his  king.  He  opened  to  the  world  the  gigantic  commerce  of  half  a 
continent.  They  prepared  the  soil  for  the  growth  of  an  independent  people, 
greater  than  any  of  the  past.  But  though  that  is  our  destiny,  let  us  not  be 
deceived.  It  is  not  greatness  of  numbers,  but  of  quality,  which  alone  should 
occupy  this  splc^ndid  New  World.  It  is  not  advancement  only,  but  advancv  "lent 
in  the  spirit  of  nobleness,  which  is  real  progress.  We  must  go,  as  Marquette 
weut,  eager  for  knowledge,  for  discovery,  ever  for  new  and  material  gain  on 
the  one  hand,  but,  on  the  other,  not  less  eager  for  truth,  for  freedom,  for 
justice,  for  the  helping  of  every  man  we  meet.  And  if  the  proposed  monu- 
ment to  this  simple  priest,  who  never  dreamed  of  worldly  honors,  shall  keep 
this  thought  in  the  mind  of  a  nation  not  too  prone  to  translate  the  doctrine 
of  manifest  destiny  into  spiritual  conquest,  that  monument  may  well  be 
builded." 

No  more  suitable  spot  could  be  selected  for  thi'  ^"^se. '  h1  monumc  than 
on  the  I'^iand  of  Mackinac,  where  is  to  be  estaL.j  .  -I  i  ational  Park,  or  on 
Point  St.  Ignace,  where  the  remains  of  Marque' t^  lie  interred — both  places 
being  in  sight  of  each  other,  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  where  thousands  of 
vessels  annually  pass  and  repass  on  their  voyag'^  to  eastern  or  western  ports. 

Huron. 


POINT  ST.  IGNAOE  AND  OLD  MACZINAW-1670,  71,  '72.      ' 

"  In  the  year  1670,"  says  Strickland,  in  his  work  on  "  Old  Mackinaw,"  "the 
devoted  and  self-sacrificing  missionary,  James  Marquette,  with  a  company  of 
Indians  of  the  Huron  tribe,  subsequently  known  as  the  Wyandots,  from  the 
Georgian  Bay,  on  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Huron,  entered  for  the 
first  time  the  old  Indian  town  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Mackinaw  Straits. 
During  the  time  he  was  planting  his  colony  and  erecting  his  chapel  at  Iro- 
quois point,  which  he  afterwards  designated  as  aS'^.  Ignace,  he  resided  on  the 
Aiackinaw  Island.  In  1671,  he  furnished  an  account  of  the  Island  and  its 
surroundings,  which  was  published  in  'The  Reslations  des  Jeusits.'  He  says, 
*  Missilimackinac  is  an  island  famous  in  these  regions,  of  Jnore  than  a  league 
in  diameter,  and  elevated  in  some  placea  by  such  high  cliflfs  as  to  be  seen 


60  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

more  than  twelve  leagues  off.  It  is  situated  just  in  the  Strait  forming  the 
communication  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Illinois  (Michigan).  It  is  the  keyj 
and,  as  it  were,  the  gate  for  all  the  tribes  from  the  south,  as  the  Saut  (Ste 
Marie)  is  for  those  of  the  north,  there  being  in  this  section  of  country  only 
those  two  passages  by  water,  for  a  great  number  of  nations  have  to  go  by 
one  or  other  of  these  channels,  in  order  to  reach  the  French  settlements.' 

"  Old  Mackinaw^  the  Indian  nar' '  of  which  is  Pe-quod-e-non-ge,  an  Indian 
town  on  the  south  side  of  the  Straits,  became  the  place  of  the  first  French 
settlement  northwest  of  Fort  Frontenac,  or  Cadaraeque,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
The  settlement  was  made  by  Father  Marquette,  in  1671.  Pe-quod-e-non-ge, 
with  its  coasts  and  islands  before  it,  has  been  the  theatre  of  some  of  the  most 
exciting  and  interesting  events  in  Indian  hisvory,  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
the  'white  man.'  It  was  the  metropolis  of  a  portion  of  the  Ojibwa  and  Ot- 
tawa nations.  It  was  there  that  their  congresses  mt*  to  adopt  a  policy  which 
terminated  in  the  conquest  of  the  country  south  of  it.  It  was  there  that  the 
tramping  feet  of  thousands  of  plumed  and  painted  warriors  shook  Pe-quod- 
e-non-ge  while  dancing  their  war  dances.  It  was  from  there  thut  the  start- 
ling sound  of  the  war  yell  of  these  thousands  was  wafted  to  the  adjacent  coasts 
and  islands,  making  the  peaceful  welkin  ring  with  iheir  unearthly  shouts  of 
victory  or  death. 

"In  process  of  time  a  chapel  and  fort  were  erected,  and  it  became  a  strong- 
hold and  trading  post  of  the  greatest  importance  to  this  entire  region  of 
country,  being  the  gateway  of  commerce  (as  now)  between  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  the  Mississippi,  and  also  the  grand  avenue  to  the  Upper  Lakes  of  the 
North,  and  the  rendezvous  of  the  traders,  merchants,  trappers,  soldiers, 
missionaries  and  Indians  of  the  whole  northwest. 

"It  is  an  established  fact,"  says  Strickland,  "  that  Marqi  jtte  organized  the 
mission  at  Old  Mackinaw,  in  the  year  1671,  subsequently  to  that  at  the  oppo- 
site point,*  and  that  he  remained  there  until  the  year  1613,  when  he  embarked 
with  Joliet  on  his  exploring  tour  of  the  Mississippi. 

"From  this  tour  Marquette  never  returned  alive  r  being  attacked,  on  his 
return  voyage,  by  a  fatal  disease,  he  died  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan, 
on  the  13th  day  of  May,  1675.  He  was  buried  at  the  mo"  h  of  Pere  Mar- 
quette Rivijr,  but,  in  1677,  his  remains  were  removed  to  Point  St.  IgnacC;  in 
the  Straits  of  Mackinac." 

Thus  for  two  hundred  years  has  this  strangely  neglected  and  romantic 
spot  been  allowed  to  remain  in  its  primitive  state,  where  to-day,  the  "sons 
of  the  forest,"  the  descendants  of  his  once  devoted  followers,  may  be  seen 
assembled  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  missionary's  place  of  burial. 

*  The  United  States  chart  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  locates  the  first  settlement  of  the  French 
missionaries  a  short  distance  north  of  £ast  Morau  Bay,  where,  no  doubt,  his  remaina  wure 
interred. 


EARLY   DISCOVERERS.  61 

Early  Discoverers  of  the  Upper  Lakes  and  Mississippi  River, 

1660.  Father  M6nard  visited  Lake  Superior  and  attempted  to  plant  a  mission 
on  tlie  Soutla  Siiore. 

I6661  P^f^  Claude  Allouez  visits  Lake  Superior  and  discovers  large  deposits 
of  copper  in  diflferent  localities. 

1668,  Father  James  Marquette^  a  Jesuit  missionary,  visits  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 
where  a  mission  was  established. 

1670i  Father  Marquette  visits  the  Island  of  Michilimackinac,  and  estab- 
lishes a  mission  at  Point  St.  Ignace. 

1673i  Father  Marquette  and  M.  Joliet  started  from  the  Mission  of  St.  Igna- 
tius, May  17,  for  the  exploration  of  the  Mississippi  River,  via  Green 
Bay,  and  on  the  I7th  June,  first  reached  the  Mississippi  River  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin.  They  descended  the  stream  several 
hundred  miles,  to  near  where  De  Soto  first  discovered  the  "Father 
of  Waters"  about  one  hundred  years  previous. 

1674i  Marquette  again  visited  the  Mississippi,  and  the  ensuing  year,  on  his 
return,  May  18,  1675,  died  at  the  mouth  of  Pere  Marquette  River, 
on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

1678~80.  La  Salle  visited  Michilimackinac,  and  continued  his  travels  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

1681i  Father  Hennepin^  who  accompanied  La  Salle  on  his  first  journey,  again 
visited  the  Mississippi.  He  was  captured  by  the  Indians  and  re- 
leased after  a  few  months  detention.  He  gave  the  name  to  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony  and  other  points  on  the  river. 

1683.  La  Salle  revisits  the  Mis  issippi  and  descends  the  stream  to  its  em- 

bouchure in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     He  then  returns  to  Quebec  and 
sails  for  France. 

1684.  La  Salle  leaves  Rochelle,  France,  with  four  ships  and  two  hundred 

men  to  found  a  colony  in  the  newly  discovered  territory, 

1685.  He  was  cruelly  assassinated  by  one  of  his  own  followers  and  the  ex- 

pedition abandoned. 

1688.  Baro7i  La  Iloulan  visited  Michilimsijkinac,  and  extended  his  journey 
to  the  Mississippi,  via  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers. 

1721.  Father  Charlevoix,  the  historian  of  New  France,  visited  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississipp'  Valley,  proceeding  to  the  mouth  of  the 
river. 

1760.  Alexander  Henry  visited  the  Upper  Lakes  in  the  character  of  an  In- 
dian rader,  and  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians  at  the  time  of 
the  massacre  of  the  British  in  1763,  which  bloody  event  he  fully 
described  in  his  hook  of  travels. 

1766.  Ciipt.  Jonathan  Carver  visited  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi li'ver  in  the  interests  of  the  English. 

The  above  travellers  and  writers,  running  through  a  period  of  one  hundred 
years  and  upwards,  embrace  most  of  the  prominent  early  discoverers  of  the 
Upper  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  River. 


62 


MACKINAC   AND   ITS    VICINITY. 


DISTANOES,  FAEE  AND  USUAL  TIME  (via  Steamboat  Eoute), 
from  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  Mackinac,  Obicago,  &c.'  1875. 


Milea. 

Buffalo  to  Cleveland,   ....  185 

Cleveland  to  Detroit, 120-305 

[Lake  Erie  and  Detroit  River.) 

Detroit  to  Port  Huron,     ....  70-375 
[Lake  St.  Clair  and  River.) 

Port  Huron  to  Saginaw  Bay,    .     .  80-455 

[Lake  Huron.) 

Saginaw  Bay  to  Macl<inac,  .     .     .  195-650  , 

Mackinac  to  Milwaukee,       .     .     .  305-955 

[Lake  Michigan.) 

Milwaukee  to  Chicago,    ....  85-1040 


Detroit  to  Mackinac,  .  . 

"         Chicago,     .  .  . 

Chicago  to  Mackinac,  .  . 

'«  Detroit,      .  .  . 

"  Buffalo,     .  .  . 


345 
735 


390 

735 

1040 


Fare  from 
Buffalo. 

$i  00 

6  00 


7  50 


14  00 

15  00 

15  00 

8  00 
10  00 

8  00 
10  00 
15  00 


Usual  time. 

18  hours. 
30  hours. 

38  hours. 

46  hours. 

2  days,  16  \ours. 
4      u        4      «' 

4      u      12      » 

36  hours. 

3  days. 

1  day,     20  hours. 

3  days,    6      " 

4  "       12      " 


Opening  of  tbe  Saut  Ste  Marie  Oanal. 

The  Saut  Ste  Marie  Canal  was,  Friday,  May  14,  1C75,  opened  for  business, 
the  steamers  Asia  and  M.  Groh  passing  up.  The  following  are  the  dates  of 
the  opening  of  the  Lake  Superior  route  for  the  past  twenty  years . 


1855,* 

1856, 

1857, 

1858, 

1859, 

1860, 

1861, 

1862, 

1863, 

1864, 


•    •    •     •    • 


June  28. 
May  5. 
May  9. 
April  18. 
May  3. 
May  11. 
May  3. 
April  27. 
April  28. 
May       5. 

*  First  opening  of  the  St.  Mary's  Ship  Canal. 


1865, 
186C, 
1867, 
18G8, 
1869, 
1871, 
1872, 
1873,, 
1874, 
1875, 


May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


3. 

7. 

6. 

4. 

7. 
10. 
10. 

3. 
14. 
14. 


SUMMER   TRAVEL.  63 

SUMMER  TEAYEL. 

A  Flying  Trip  to  Mackinac  and  return— The  North  Shore  of  the  Lower  Peninsula 

of  M'chigan. 
Correapondence  of  tbo  Detroit  Post,  Augtist  2C,  1874. 

Leaving  Detroit  on  the  afternoon  of  the  17th,  via  Detroit^  Lansing  and  Lake 
Michigan  Railroad,  we  were  joined  at  Ionia  by  a  few  friends,  and  after  ten 
hours'  rest  in  a  Pullman  sleeper,  we  found  ourselves  at  Pctoskey,  the  terminal 
railway  station  on  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railway,  where  close  con- 
nections are  made  with  steamers  for  Mackinaw. 

The  location  of  this  small  village  is,  to  the  tourist  at  first  sight,  an  unin- 
viting one,  being  situated  in  a  dense  wilderness,  and  inhabited  mostly  by 
Indians.  There  are  but  few  white  families  in  the  place,  who  have  since  the 
completion  of  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad,  built  up  a  few  frame 
dwellings  of  an  inferior  construction.  The  place  derives  its  name  from  an 
old  Indian  residing  here  named  Petoskey,  which  translated  means  "Elk 
Killer."  "  Muhquhba,''  which  means  "  Bear,"  is  the  name  of  an  old  Indian 
chief  quartered  here,  and  who  formerly  reigned  ^^  Big  Injun"  over  the  Ottawa 
tribe  and  whom  we  had  the  good  fortune  to  meet  and  talk  with,  through  an 
interpreter.  He  says  he  is  seventy-five  years  of  age — cannot  speak  a  woid  of 
English,  but  his  family,  comprising  twelve  sons  and  two  daughters,  all  speak 
the  English  language  fluently.  He  is  not  now  regarded  as  "  chief,"  but  in  a 
moral  and  intellectual  sense  he  still  reigns  supreme.  He  is  an  ardent  and 
devoted  member  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  exercises  a  good  influence 
over  most  of  the  Indians  in  this  county. 

LITTLE    TRAVERSE. 

Directly  opposite  Petoskey,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  bay,  is  the  old  In- 
dian reservation  and  village  of  Little  Traverse,  containing  a  population  of 
about  300,  all  told.  Among  this  number  are  only  to  be  found  three  white 
families.  Little  Traverse  was  for  many  years,  and  is  still,  a  sort  of  head- 
quarters for  the  Indians  of  Northern  Michigan— the  Chippewas  and  Ottawas— 
several  hundreds  having  frequently  assembhjd  here  on  receiving  their  annui- 
ties from  the  General  Government.  It  has  one  of  the  most  natural  harbors 
in  the  world,  with  water  sufficient  for  our  heaviest  vessels,  and  on  entering 
it  presents  to  the  traveller  an  element  of  beauty  that  cannot  fail  to  charm  one 


Gl  MACKINAC    AND    ITS    VICINITY. 

who  has  in  his  composition  a  particle  of  appreciation  of  the  picturesque. 
Our  impression  of  Little  Traverse  was  entirely  different  from  that  formed 
before  seeing  it.  We  had  always  supposed  it  to  be  a  large  town,  inhabited 
principally  by  the  whites.     But  such  is  not  the  case.     It  is  just  the  reverse. 

During  a  two-days'  sojourn  at  Petoskey.  with  our  friend  Dr.  Little,  who 
keeps  the  only  hotel  in  the  place,  we  improved  the  time  in  trout  fishing,  and 
then  set  sail  in  the  steamer  ''John  A.  Dix'^  for  Mackinac,  a  distance  by  water 
of  fifty-six  miles. 

THE  TRIP  FROM  PETOSKEY  TO  MACKINAC 

is  one  of  the  pleasantest  and  most  delightful  steamboat  rides  that  can  be  had 
on  this  continent.  It  is  all  the  way  along  shore.  The  beautiful  wooded 
hills,  the  embryo  villages,  the  several  islands  in  the  distance,  the  light- 
houses (Skillagallee  and  Waugoshancc),  rising  as  it  were  out  of  the  water, 
all  coxrbine  to  make  the  trip  a  pleasant  and  an  enjoyable  one. 

Moiti  and  more  every  summer  the  health  and  pleasure-seekers  of  this 
country  are  turning  their  attention  from  the  New  England  sea-side  resorts,  as 
well  as  the  noted  Saratoga  and  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and  are  looking  to  the 
Great  Lakes  of  the  northwest,  as  furnishing  the  most  desirable  places  of  resort. 
The  accessibility  of  the  lake  region,  with  freedom  from  malarious  diseases 
during  the  hot  season,  and  the  fishing  and  hunting,  the  beauty  of  scenery 
furnished  by  forest  lakes  and  streams,  as  well  as  other  attractions  which  might 
be  named,  combine  to  draw  the  health  and  pleasure-seeker  there,  and  make 
all  that  come  to  Mackinac  feel  that  their  journeyings  have  not  been  in  vain. 

MACKINAC. 

Mackinac  being  on  an  island  several  miles  in  circumference,  cut  olf  from  all 
road  and  railway  communication,  it  would  naturally  be  supposed  that  the  in- 
habitants were  also  cut  off  from  civilization  and  its  conveniences.  Such  is 
not  the  fact,  however.  Though  the  tourist  and  invalid  may  have  passed 
through  one  hundred  miles  of  unbroken  forest  or  woods  to  reach  the  place, 
after  arriving  at  Mackinac  he  finds  all  the  modern  conveniences,  first  class 
hotels,  elegant  drives  for  miles  around  the  island  lined  with  fashionable  turn- 
outs, the  telegraph,  the  daily  boat  bringing  the  daily  paper,  all  tending  to 
remind  the  sojourner  that  although  apparently  afar  off,  the  great  business 
centres  are  not  far  distant. 


SUMMER  TRAVEL.  ^» 

Although  but  recently  opened,  this  new  route  has  brought  hundreds  of 
people  to  Mackinac  who  never  visited  here  before,  and  who  never  would 
come  if  they  were  compelled  to  travel  the  entire  distance  by  boat ;  and  we 
predict  that  by  next  year  this  new  railroad  to  Petoskey  will  be  largely  patron- 
ized, especially  from  Detroit  and  the  southeast,  and  meet  with  unbounded 
success.  U  is  the  shortest  and  quickest  route  from  Detroit  (only  twenty 
hours'  ride  to  Mackinac). 

During  our  brief  stay  in  Mackinac  we  visited  several  points  of  interest  on 
this  very  interesting  island,  naturally  and  historically.  We  found  at  the  old 
fort  stationed  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  soldiers,  and  witnessed,  while 
there,  a  grand  military  review,  the  occasion  being  enlivened  by  the  delightful 
and  soul-stirring  music  of  the  Twenty-second  Michigan  Infantry  Band,  who 
have  been  visiting  there  for  a  short  time. 

The  "  Mission  Ilotise"  is  the  largest  and  best  appointed  hotel  on  the  island, 
capable  of  accommodating  one  hurdred  and  fifty  or  more  at  a  time.  We 
found  at  the  "  Mission,"  tourists  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  Boston,  New 
York,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Detroit,  Toledo,  as  well  as  from  away  "  down 
South,"  all  enjoying  themselves  and  glad  to  be  there. 

The  location  of  Mackinac  is  a  remarkably  inviting  as  well  as  a  healthy  one. 
There  is  entire  freedom  from  stagnant  water,  no  malaria  from  swamps  and 
marshes,  cool,  bracing  lake  breezes,  the  grounds  rising  gently  from  the 
water's  edge,  thus  affording  a  splendid  opportunity  of  witnessing,  day  and 
night,  sail  crafcs  and  steam  vessels  passing  and  repassing  through  the  Straits, 
steamers  destined  for  Lake  Superior,  others  for  Lake  Huron,  while  we  see 
constant  arrivals  and  departures  to  Lake  Michiganward.  The  tourist  and- 
invalid,  as  well  as  the  sportsman  and  fisherman  can  improve  the  time  in  a 
sailing,  bathing,  fishing  or  hunting  excursion. 

: '■.       .-.  MACKINAC  TO  TRAVERSE  CITY.     -     'ns^M^^W  •,«? 

At  a  distance  of  thirty-eight  miles  from  Mackinac,  and  almost  Within  range 
of  Skillaffallse  light-house,  we  "  put  in"  to  .      .  - 

:-''"'-'^        -^  CROSS    VILLAGE,^    .>...  ^c    ,  ..   .-  u .  *.0»  ...X.i.^ 

a  small  town  of  say  four  hundred  people,  mostly  Indians.     We  noticed,  to 
our  surprise,  on  an  eminence  above  the  village,  a  large  cathedra!-like  build- 
6 


(J6  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

ing,  and  upon  inquiry  we  ascertained  it  was  a  German  convent,  superin- 
tended by  a  Father  Wycamp,  and  called  the  "Benevolent  and  Charitable 
Society,"  having  for  its  aim  the  education  of  the  poor  children  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Is  is  also  a  hospital  for  the  sick  and  distressed  of  every 
nationality,  denomination  and  creed.  Cross  Village  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
oldest  Indian  villages,  having  been  settled  long  before  Mackinac.  We 
noticed  at  the  dock  over  fifty  Indians,  squaAvs  and  pappooses,  many  of  whom 
were  endeavoring  to  sell  to  passengers  their  bark,  sweet  grass  and  bead- 
work,  while  others  had  pullfuls  of  black  and  blue  berries,  oflFering  them  at 
four  cents  a  quart  or  fifty  cents  a  pa,ilful.     The  next  village  we  touch  at  is 

MIDDLE    VILLAGE. 

It  is  eleven  miles  from  Cross,  containing  six  or  eight  small  houses  and  a 
mission  church.  They  are  all  Indians  here.  Passing  Little  Traverse,  Peios- 
key  and  Norwood,  we  arrive  at  about  4  p.  m.  at 

CHARLEVOIX, 

where  we  remained  over  an  hour  in  *'  wooding  up."  Of  all  the  little  towns 
scattered  along  the  shore  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  there 
is  none  in  appearance  more  delightful  and  promising.  It  contains  a  nice  little 
population  of  about  500,  and  supports  a  neat  and  well  printed  WoCkly  paper, 
conducted  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Smith,  who  is  also  postmaster  of  the  place,  and  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  courtesies  extended.  Its  harbor  presents  at 
present  an  unfinished  appearance,  although  $12,000  or  $15,000  have 
already  been  expended  in  dredging,  etc.,  by  state  and  town  contributions. 
They  petitioned  Congress  two  years  ago  for  an  additional  appropriation  of 
$20,000,  and  we  understand  "  Uncle  Sam"  is  now  beginning  to  see  the  real 
necessity,  and  every  probability  indicates  that  their  endeavor  will  not  be  in 
vain.  When  the  Government  makes  this  appropriation  it  will  form  one  of 
the  best  harbors  in  the  country.  The  town  was  only  established  five  years 
ago,  and  now  has  six  general  stores,  two  drug  and  grocery  stores,  two  hotels, 
one  large  school-horise,  a  large  Methodist  church  costing  over  $4000,  one 
weekly  newspaper,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Charlovoix  county. 

Charlevoix  is  only  35  miles  distant  from  Otpego  Lake,  the  present  northern 
terminus  of  the  Jackson>  Lansing  and  Saginaw  "Reilroad,  and  has  a  stage 
communication  to  this  point  during  the  season  when  navigation  is  closed. 


SUMMER   TRAVEL.  67 

Last  week  eight  vessels,  loaded  with  wood  and  bark,  destined  for  Kenosha, 
Wisconsin,  and  other  points  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  left  here. 

BBOWNSTOWN. 

We  next  reached  Brownstown,  at  the  upper  extremity  of  the  lake.  The 
town  is  situated  about  one-half  mile  from  the  landing.  It  being  quite  dark, 
and  our  stay  or  caL'  a  short  one,  we  were  unable  to  see  much  or  gain  much 
information.  We  learned  however  from  passengers  aboard  that  the  town  was 
celebrated  for  its  trout  fishing,  and  is  a  great  pleasure  resort.  It  is  also 
by  some  called  Torch  Lake.  It  is  said  to  contain  a  very  large  hotel,  kept  in 
first-class  style,  and  is  visited  by  many  tourists  annually.  Here  is  where  is 
found  the  grayling,  a  fish  resembUng  the  trout,  and  consid-^red  fully  as  good. 
By  fishermen  it  is  regarded  as  a  better  game  fish,  but  is  not  nearly  as  plenti- 
ful as  the  speckled  trout. 

ELK    RAPIDS. 

The  next  place  reached  is  Elk  Rapids,  18  miles  distant  from  Traverse  City. 
At  this  point  may  be  found  one  of  the  largest  charcoal  furnaces  in  the  country, 
turning  out  thirty  tons  of  pig  iron  daily.  It  is  owned  and  operated  by  Dexter 
&  Noke,  who  obtain  their  ore  from  the  Lake  Superior  country  in  their  own 
vessels.  They  also  own  and  operate  saw  and  grist  mills,  are  large  general 
wholesale  and  retail  grocers,  and  are  considered  among  the  wealthiest  men  in 
the  Grand  Traverse  region. 

THE    COUNTRY. 

Throughout  these  last  mentioned  towns  on  the  Lower  Peninsula  ma)'  be 
found  the  best  of  farming  lands,  embracing  every  variety  of  soil  from  the 
light  sandy  loam  to  sandy  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  The  strength  of  these 
soils  is  shown  by  the  enormous  growth  of  timber,  such  as  beach,  sugar  maple, 
elm  and  basswood,  as  well  as  cedar  and  hemlock.  There  are  hundreds  of 
creeks  in  these  parts,  some  of  a  size  to  be  dignified  as  lakes,  meandering 
through  the  lands  and  discharging  their  contents  into  the  larger  streams,  thus 
aiETording  a  plentiful  supply  of  water,  while  living  springs  in  vast  numbers, 
and  small,  but  beautiful  lakes  are  interspersed  here  and  there.  Spring  wheat 
does  well  on  these  lands,  but  it  is  not  considered  as  desirable  as  winter.  Oats 
and  the  earlier  variety  of  corn  never  fail.,  while  potatoes,  buckwheat  and 
clover  and  timothy  are  sure,  and  give  a  prolific  yield. 

Owing  to  the  influence  of  the  lake  winds,  which  naturally  have  a  tendency 


68  MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 

to  mollify  and  soften  the  Bharpncss  of  the  atmosphore,  the  climate  of  this 
Grand  Traverse  region  is  truly  excellent.  It  is  also  destined  to  become  one 
of  the  choicest  fruit  regions  in  existence,  not  merely  for  one  specialty,  but  for 

all  kinds- 
After  a  two  hours'  ride  from  Elk  Rapids  we  reached  Traverse  City,  where  we 
intend  connecting  with  steamer  to-morrow  for  Escanaba  and  Marquette,  L.  S. 

TRAVERSE  CITY 

is  a  strikingly  handsome  town  for  a  northern  city,  and  we  were  much  im- 
pressed with  its  active,  business-like  appearance  on  every  hand,  and  the 
general  character  of  its  large  and  well-appointed  and  arranged  business 
houses.  The  mercantile  trade  is  largely  represented  in  all  its  branches,  by 
men  of  long  experience,  possessed  of  true  business,  mental  and  energetic 
ability.  Among  the  firms,  Messrs.  Hannah,  Lay  &  Co.  stand  as  the  most 
prominent,  having  been  located  here  some  23  years.  They  have  become 
immensely  rich,  being  largely  identified  with  the  steamer  and  vessel  interest, 
as  well  as  large  lumber  manufacturers,  turning  out  from  their  mills  here  over 
2,000,000  feet  annually,  all  of  which  they  ship  in  their  own  vessels  to  the 
Chicago  market.  The  business  men  here,  I  find,  all  appreciate  the  newly 
established  rail  route  from  Detroit.  Through  trains  are  now  run  from  De- 
troit via  the  Detroit,  Lansing  and  Lake  Michigan  Railroad,  and  the  Grand 
Rapids  and  Indiaila  Railroad,  a  distance  of  274  miles,  and  consuming  but  14 
hours  time.  By  this  new  arrangement  they  get  the  morning  Detroit  paper 
at  10.45  p.  M.  the  same  day. 

Traverse  City  boasts  of  a  population  of  1500  with  two  first  class  hotels, 
the  Campbell  and  Gimton  House.  Having  put  up  at  the  former  we  were 
strongly  impressed  with  the  belief  that  it  ranks  among  the  finest  hotel?  this 
side  of  Detroit.  It  is  large,  new  and  commodious  and  finely  furnished,  and 
from  its  verandas  and  observatory  may  be  seen  the  bay,  river  and  surround- 
ing scenery,  which  is  unsurpassable.  It  is  kept  by  Mr.  Campbell,  who  as  a 
caterer  fills  the  bill.  The  town  supports  two  weekly  newspapers,  both  largely 
patronized  and  ably  conducted. 

We  go  from  here  to  Escanaba,  Mich.,  on  the  Steamer  "MusiCf"  and  thence 
to  the  Lake  Superior  country,  where  you  may  hear  from  me  again. 

V   :.,^-.    :;-^ .       .,„     r-;.~:    -    .    '    -  ,.,.   ^     ..  .     .- ■^„;  TRAVELLER. 


CENSUS  OP  UPPER  PENINSULA  OP  MICHIGAN. 


G9 


CENSUS  OF  THE  UPPER  PENINSULA  OF  MIOHiaAN,  1874, 


BY    COUNTIES    AND    TOWNS. 


Chippewa  County. 

Saut  Stb  Marie, 

Sugar  Island,  . 

Warner,   .... 

Total,   .... 

Delta  County. 

Baldtvin,  . 

ESCANABA, 

Fairbanks, 
Maple  Ridge, 
Masonville, 
Walma,    . 
Sack  Bay, 
Winona,  . 


Pop. 
I,5i7 
332 
221 

2,0G0 


291 

.     3,120 

536 

182 

No  returns. 

164 

216 

92 


Total,   . 


Houghton  County. 


Adams, 
Baraga,    . 
Calumet,  . 
Franklin, 
Hancock, 
Huron, 
L'Ause,    . 
Portage  (Houghton 
Quincy,    . 
Schoolcraft,     . 
Webster, . 

Total,   . 


Keweenaw  County. 

Clifton,    .... 
Copper  Harbor, 
Eagle  Harbor,  . 
Grant,      .... 


4,601 


695 

402 
5,219 
2,891 
2,068 

437 
1,466 
1,660 
1,282 
1,764 
1,146 

19,030 


1,406 
290 

1,092 
223 


Pop. 

Houghton,        .                 , 

1,472 

Isle  Royale,      .     "         "   .     "   . 

4 

Sherman, 

928 

Total,  .         .                  .         , 

6,415 

Mackinac  County. 

Holmes  (Mackinac), 

1,496 

Moran, 

372 

St.  Ignace,       .... 

326 

Total,  .         .        ". 

2,194 

Marquette  County. 

Chocolay,         .... 

456 

Ely,           .         .         . 

4,370 

Forsyth,  . 

34 

Ishpeming  (city),     . 

5,780 

Marquette  (city),    . 

5,726 

Negaunee  (city), 

4,387 

Richmond, 

394 

Tiiden,     .... 

494 

Total,  .         .         . 

21,641 

Menominee  County. 

Cedarville,  -^'-y  ■'    .,!.:     a 

242 

Ingallston,        .... 

272 

Menominee,      .... 

2,976 

Total,  ...... 

3,490 

Ontonagon  County. 

Algonquin,       .... 

45 

Carp  Lake,       .... 

1.Q 

Greenland,       .... 

689 

Ontonagon,      .... 

691 

Rockland, 

1                • 

1,005 

Total,  . 


2,406 


70 


MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY. 


Schoolcraft  County. 

(Grand  Island), 

Monistique, 

Munising, 

Onota,      ...» 

Total,  ...         • 


301 
472 
517 

1,290 


Becapitulatioii 

Chippewa, 

Delta, 

Houghton, 

Keweenaw, 

Mackinac, 

Marquette, 

Menominee, 

Ontonagon, 

Schoolcraft, 

Grand  total, 


2,060 

4,601 
19,030 
5,415 
2,194 
21,641 
3,490 
2,406 
1,290 

62,127 


POST  OPPIGES. 


OMppewa  Oonnty. 

Detour,  Saut  Ste  Marie. 

Delta  Ootinty. 

Brampton,  Fscanaba, 

Fayette,  Ford  River, 

r.arden,  Lathrop, 

Masonville. 

Houghton  Oonntyt 

Arvon,  Baraga, 

Calumet,  Hancock, 

Houghton,  Lake  Linden, 

L'Anse. 

Keweenaw  County. 

Allouez,  Central  Mine, 

Clifton,  .   Copper  Falls  Mine, 

Copper  Harbor,        Eagle  Harbor, 
Eagle  River,   •  Penn  Mine, 

Phoenix. 


Mackinac  County. 

Mackinac,  St.  Ignace. 

Marquette  County. 

Champion,  Clarksburg, 
Greenwood  Furn.,   Harvey, 

Humboldt,  Ishpeming, 

Marquette,  Morgan, 

Michigammi,  Negaunee, 

Palmer,  Republic, 

Stoneville,  Tilden. 


Menominee  County.   , 

Cedar  Fork,  Menominee,  , 

Spalding, 


Wacedah. 


Ontonagon  County. 

Greenland,  Ontonagon, 

Rockland. 


'.}-    K 


h_  '        THE  UPPEE  PENINSULA  OP  MICHIGAN, 

With  the  Islands  of  Mackinac,  Bois  Blanc,  Drummond,  Grand  Island  and  Isle 
Boyale,  contains  an  estimated  area  of  20,000  square  miles,  being  about  one- 
third  of  the  entire  State,  or  as  large  as  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  com- 


THE   UPPER   PENINSULA  OP   MICHIGAN. 


11 


bined.    When  the  population  increases  to  double  its  present  numbers,  it  can, 
with  propriety,  ask  for  admission  into  the  Union  as  a  separate  State. 

Its  mineral  resources,  consisting  of  rich  iron,  copper  and  silver  mines,  in 
connection  with  railroad  facilities,  now  finished  and  under  construction,  will 
tend  to  rapidly  populate  this  favored  region  of  country.  It  has  a  coast  line 
bordering  on  Lakes  Superior,  Huron  and  Michigan,  with  the  connecting 
Straits,  of  about  1000  miles.  Through  its  borders,  from  east  to  west,  will 
soon  be  finished  a  railroad  track  connecting  with  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road on  the  West,  and  with  other  railroads  on  the  East,  terminating  both  at 
Saut  Ste  Marie  and  the  Straits  of  Mackinac.  Here  a  steam  ferry  of  four 
miles  will  i-ute  the  two  Peninsulas  and  tend  o  build  up  two  cities  on  the 
Straits,  at  Point  St.  Ignace  and  Mackinaw  City,  while  this  whole  surrounding 
counlry  will  always  be  a  favorite  resort  for  invali'^s  and  seekers  of  pleasure 
during  warm  weather.  ,,;,,.., 


Ancient  Names,    ^^  •    ;    >■'       '■'■■■-   <•-  ' 
As  recorded  on  a  Map  of  the  British  Umpire  in  America,  with  the  French  and 
Spanish  settlements  adjacent  thereto,  by  H.  Popple,  London,  1710.        ',^^^ 


BEGION  OP  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


is.i 


Fort  Niagara, 

Fall  ot  Niagara, 

Senccas, 

Cayagas, 

Nation  an  Chat, 

Sandoski, 

Le  Detroit, 

Lake  St.  Clair,  or  Ganatchio, 

Fort  du  Detroit, 

Hurons, 

Outaovaes, 

Mississague, 

Poutaovatami, 

Saguinau  River, 

Saguinau  Bay, 

Lake  Hurons, 

Baye  de  Toronto,  or  (Georgian  Bay), 

Is.  de  Caintoton,  or  Manitoualin, 


ri 


Missillimakinac, 

Mission  de  St.  Joseph, 

Saut  de  St.  Marie, 

Mission  de  Ste  Marie,  r' 

Point  an  Poisson  Blanc, 

Tecovaminon,  or  (White-Fish  Bay), 

Le  Portail  (Pictured  Rocks). 

Montreal  Island, 

Grande  Island, 

Bay  Kiasnan,  or  (Keweenaw), 

Minong  Island,  or  (Isle  Royale). 

L.  Alepimigon,  or  (Nepigon), 

Lake  Illinois,  or  (Michigan), 

Hohio  River, 

Oubash  River, 

Illinois  River, 

Mississipi  River, 

Moingona,  or  (Missouri  River). 


72  V      MACKINAC   AND   ITS   VICINITY.        ; 

MACKINAW  AND  MAEQUETTE  RAILROAD. 

By  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Michigan  to  authorize  and  construct  a 
railroad  from  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  to  Marquette  Harbor  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, dated  April  30,  1873,  the  following  defined  route  is  described:  "Com- 
mencing at  a  point  about  one  mile  east  or  west  of  Point  Le  Barbe  on  the 
Straits  of  Mackinaw,  from  thence  northerly  through  township  44,  north  of 
range  five  west,  thence  westerly  by  the  most  eligible  route  to  Marquette  on 
Lake  Superior."  Distance  150  miles,  with  a  proposed  branch  to  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  to  meet  a  railroad  route  in  Canada,  thus  connecting  Montreal  and 
Toronto  with  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad*  and  the  Red  River  country. 

By  a  further  Act,  passed  in  April,  1875,  the  Legislature  has  granted  six- 
teen sections  per  mile  to  the  above  Railroad  Company,  free  from  taxation 
for  sixteen  years.  This  liberal  grant  will,  no  doubt,  cause  the  road  to  be 
completed  within  two  years. 

"  The  road  in  question  is  one  of  great  importance  to  both  peninsulas,  to 
the  State  as  a  whole,  and  to  the  city  of  Detroit.  It  will  act  as  a  strong  bond 
of  union  between  the  two  portions  of  this  commonwealth,  and  will  largely 
increase  the  intimacy  of  the  business  relations  between  Detroit,  as  the  com- 
mercial metropolis  of  Michigan,  and  the  mineral  producing  regions  of  Lake 

Superior."  ,..r>^^:Ai■,<nrll    -'If   ,  .,yuin;.;/    :-u/'i 

On  the  South  it  will  connect  with  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad 
running  from  Fort  "Wayne,  Ind.,  and  with  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  and 
its  branches.      ^'-^    ;!■:•' =;-?'^  i':;.  ■,.•: '    \  -i-f^.i' ■„.■.;  ;i<>! ft. ^^ 

*  By  means  of  a  proposed  railroad  from  the  terminus  of  the  Marquette,  Houghton  and  Ontona- 
gors  Railroad  to  extend  west  to  Montreal  River,  and  thence  to  Duluth,  Minn. 

,',  ;;'.''l.i-\ '^ ''  ,    ;..t  ,-''^:in-T/'>t  71 ,.'      .1   ;  .t'ii'un-'  :■■  ''l'^ 


SAILING    ON   THE   GREAT   LAKES — MACKINAC.  73 

SAILING  ON  THE  GEEAT  LAKES. 

On  Board  Steamer  Idaho, 

Lake  Huron,  July^  1874. 

On  leaving  the  Saut  Ste  Marie  bound  for  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  you 
pass  some  of  the  most  interesting  river  and  lake  scenery  on  the  Continent. 
Starting  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ship  Canal,  a  grand  view  of  the  Rapids  and 
adjacent  Islands  are  obtained  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  also  a  fine  view 
of  the  villages  on  both  shores  of  the  St.  Mary's  River,  and  old  Fort  Brady, 
floating  the  stars  and  stripes  of  the  Union. 

Proceeding  downward  you  pass  several  beautiful  stretches  of  the  river,  here 
about  half  a  mile  wide,  with  sufficient  depth  to  float  the  largest  vessel 
sailing  on  the  lakes. 

Garden  River  Settlement  U  an  Indian  village,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a  good 
trout  stream ;  also  here  is  a  large  lumbering  establishment  on  the  Canada 
side. 

Church's  Landing,  on  the  American  side,  is  another  interesting  point 
and  a  steamboat  landing,  where  is  a  store  and  a  few  dwelling  houses. 

Lake  George,  an  expansion  of  the  river  is  next  entered,  being  some  eight  or 
ten  miles  in  length,  then  comes  the  Nebisk  Rapids,  where  is  the  most  danger- 
ous navigation  on  the  stream  flowing  into  Lake  Huron  some  thirty  miles  below. 

Sugar  Island  on  the  American  side  of  the  boundary  line,  and  St.  Joseph's 
Island  on  the  Canada  side,  being  the  two  most  important  islands  in  the 
river,  are  passed,  with  lesser  islands,  forming  one  continued  panorama  for  a 
distance  of  sixty  miles.       ■  -    '  .  t.     t> 

On  arriving  at  Point  de  Tour,  where  is  a  small  settlement  and  light  house 
in  the  vicinity,  yoi»  immediately  enter  the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  being 
usually  during  the  summer  months  unruffled  by  the  winds,  but  during  the 
spring  and  autumn  months  subject  to  fierce  gales  of  wind,  often  causing 
disasters  and  shipwreck.   -^    ■  •  •    -■  •  •    -' '-^  --  •'•    /■, 

■.■:^   ;-  /    :.'    :;  '    ^  .       "  Mackerel  clouds  and  mares' tails,      ik  ^ai>"l  ;  ^i    ••/  vri  ^su.r 
■  ' Make  lofty  ships  carry  low  sails."       '    *•     ■    -  ■  "'••".■..'  •■/.•■. •.,■^ 

The  sail  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  River  to  Mackinac,  a  distance  of 
thirty-five  miles,  is  usually  of  the  most  delightful  character,  running  a 
westerly  course,  having  the  upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  on  the  north  and 


^4        -  MACKINAC   A.^l>   ITR   VICINITY. 

the  waters  of  Lake  Huron  on  the  south.  The  Island  of  Mackinac  is  soon 
seen  in  the  distance,  standing  high  abov3  the  waters  of  the  lake,  then  comes 
in  view  the  Island  of  Bois  Blanc  and  Round  Island.  As  you  near  the  town 
and  harbor,  the  Arch  Rock,  Robinson's  Folly,  and  Maiden  Rock  or  Lover's 
Leap  can  be  seen  from  ihe  deck  of  the  steamer,  also  the  old  Mission  House, 
now  used  as  an  hotel,  and  Fort  Mackinac  standing  elevated  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  "bove  the  waters  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 

A  daily  line  of  steamers,  of  a  small  class,  should  be  run  during  the  summer 
months,  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  from  the  Saut  to  Mackinac,  pass- 
injj  around  St.  Joseph's  Island  in  going  or  on  the  return  trip. 

The  ancient  village  of  Mackinac,  which  is  confined  to  a  small  extent  of 
land  stretching  along  a  pebbly  beach,  has  a  foreign  appearance,  which  is 
further  increased  on  landing  on  the  steamboat  wharf.  Herf  may  usually  be 
seen  Indians,  half-breeds,  French  and  Americans,  al'  gla^;  and  eager  to 
afford  the  stranger  accommodations  or  guide  thcra  to  the  most  interesting 
parts  of  the  Island — that  too  at  very  reasonable  rate  of  charges.  No  Ameri- 
cen  town  exceeds  this  truly  romantic  place  in  civility  and  kind  attentions — 
the  very  atmosphere  engenders  a  quiet  abandon  and  relaxation  from  all  dis- 
turbing cares.  The  inhabitants  and  animals  all  seem  to  partake  of  a  free 
and  easy  charucter — "  to  mah  haste  slowly^'  seems  to  pervade  all  the  old  resi- 
dents— the  visitor  soon  falling  into  the  same  state  of  mind. 

The  Indian  curiosity  shops  ar*^  a  prominent  feature  of  the  place,  while  the 
honest  full  blood  Indian  trader  may  be  seen  in  his  canoe  or  in  the  streets 
selling  vegetwkbles  and  friiits  at  an  unusually  low  price. 

The  Hotels  are  usually  thronged  with  visitors  from  almost  every  part  of 
the  country,  forming  for  the  time  being  a  most  happy  community. 

The  approach  to  Mackinac  is  now  mostly  by  steamers  ru"nning  from  Detroit 
or  Chicago,  vhile  two  railroads  are  being  constructed  to  terminate  at  Old 
Muckinpw,  situated  on  the  main  land,  seven  miles  distant  by  water  from  the 
Island  of  Mackinac.  At  this  time  the  railroad  is  finished  to  Petoskey,  sixty 
miles  by  water  from  Mackinac,  greatly  facilitating  and  increasing  the  travel 
to  this  favorite  rcjort,  where  health  and  pleasure  can  be  enjoyed  during  the 
summer  and  autumn  months.  Yours,  &c., 

:  J.  D. 


PET08KEY — SEASON  OF  1875.  ;    '         75 

PETOSEEY, 

Situated  on  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  on  the  south  side  of  Little 
Traverse  Bay,  is  the  present  terminus  of  the  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Rail- 
road, Here  is  a  fine  harbor  and  steamboat  dock,  a  good  hotel  and  a  small 
settlement. 

The  view  of  Little  Traverse  Bay  and  Lake  Michigan  beyond,  is  unsurpassed 
in  loveliness  and  grandeur.  To  the  north  Just  across  the  bay,  is  Little  Traverse 
village,  the  county  seat  of  Emmett  County,  and  the  head-quarters  of  "  the 
noble  red  men,"  who  dwell  in  the  neighborhood.  A  steam  yacht  runs  be- 
tween Petoskey  and  Little  Traverse,  affording  a  delightful  trip  across  the  bay. 
In  iJear  River,  emptying  into  the  bay.  Brook  Trout  and  Grayling  are  caught. 

From  Petoskey,  upon  the  arrival  of  the  passenger  trains  from  Detroit, 
Cincinnati  and  Grand  Rapids  in  the  morning,  a  steamer  leaves  for  Mackinac 
Island,  passing  along  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  then  entering  the 
romantic  Straits  of  Mackinac,  atibrding  one  of  the  motil  lovely  trips  imagin- 
able— passing  Old  Mackinaw,  now  called  Mackinaw  City^  and  Point  St.  Ignace» 
when  the  famed  Island  cf  Mackinac,  its  town  and  fortress  are  seen  to  great 
advantage  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer.  ,.  . 


THE  SEASON  OP  1876. 

As  this  year  is  the  commencement  of  a  great  influx  of  visitors  to  this  in- 
teresting section  of  country,  we  will  briefly  enumerate  the  most  interesting 
places  of  attraction  within  a  short  distance  of  Mackinac.  ,.^ 

Les  Cheneaux  Island,  St.  Martin's  Islands  and  Bay,  Point  St.  Ignace  and 
Point  Le  Barbe,  Mackinaw  City,  and  Cheboygan — all  reached  by  sail  boats 
and  small  steamers. 

From  Cheboygan  an  exceedingly  interesting  trip  can  be  made  by  a  steam 
tug  through  Cheboygan  River  to  Mullett's  Lake,  Indian  River,  Burt's  Lake, 
Crooked  Lake  to  Round  Lake,  within  4  miles  of  Petoskey.  Returning  by  same 
route,  or  taking  the  steamer  sailing  every  day  from  Petoskey  for  the  Island 
of  Mackinac. 

Fishing  and  hunting  can  be  enjoyed  in  this  trip  from  Cheboygan  to  Petoskey 
by  taking  time  to  stop  at  the  most  favorable  points  on  the  route. 


•    MACKINAC  BUSINESS  DIRECTORY. 

Bailey,  Dr.  John  R.,  Druggist  and  General  Merchandise. 

Bennett,  Jr.,  James,  Steamboat  Owner.     (See  Advertisement.) 

BiDDLE,  John,  County  Clerk. 

Chamukrs,  Thomas,  Groceries  and  Provisions. 

Davis,  John  W.,  Dry  Goods  and  Groceries. 

Fknton  &  Wendell,  Dry  Goods,  Groceries  and  Indian  Curiosities. 

(See  Advertisement.) 
Highstone,  S,,  Dry  Goods,  Groceries  pad  Indian  Curiosities.     (See  Ady.) 
IIoBAN,  James  and  John,  Steamboat  Agents. 
HoMBACii,  Peter  W.,  Groceries,^  &c.,  St.  Jgnace^  Mich 
Lasley,  James,  Postmaster. 

Madison,  Albert  B.,  Dry  Goods,  Clothing  and  Groceries. 
Madison,  William,  Groceries  and  Provisions. 
M'Nalley,  Peter,  Sheriff. 
Murray,  Dominick,  Dry  Goods  and  Groceries. 

Overall,  George  W.,  Groceries,  Provisions  and  Indian  Curiosities. 
Overall,  Henry  W.,  Billiard  Saloon. 
Pirbt,  Rev.  A.  D.  J. 
Stonex,  Rev.  W.  G. 

Truscott  &  Co.,  General  Merchandise  and  Fisherman's  Supplies. 
Wendell,  Wm.  W.,  Dry  Goods  and  Indian  Curiosities. 


PEOPEIETOSS  OF  HOTELS  AND  BOAEDINa  HOUSES. 

Cable,  James  F.,  Astor  House.     (See  Advertisement.) 

Chapman,  Mes.  R.,  Lake  View  House.  .  ■  ' 

Framks,  E.  a..  Mission  House.     (See  Advertisement.) 

Jollie,  Louis,  Commercial  House. 

Todd,  Mrs.,  Boarding  House.  ,         "        *      '' 

Van  Allen,  H.,  Island  House.     (See  Advertisement.)        '  ,  ,     , 

l^r  Prices  at  Hotels  vary  from   $2   to  $3.50  per   day.     The   Boarding 
Houses  charge  $10  per  week  and  upward. 

Note. — In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  several  livery  establishments 
and  proprietors  of  sailing  boats,      aiiovifi  3S<?jl>i  vds  'is  '.\o\iMi  un.    t^iujas  yJ 
(76) 


1875 -SPECIAL  irOTICE.-1875.    , ,  ■  / 


Summer  Excursion  Tickets 


.  ^  ,<«< ,- 1„ ,, 


■   ■  r'  ■      >■    yH  ,  .^  f.     f         f 

/■    •.(..    .'.',.    V,.',    K,         ,   /■;.  _  .         '_     ''^  ^  '■ 


WM  mm  AND  imM  route, 


''»■;■       •'^ 


IFi??  6e  on  Sale  on  and  after  June  1st,  1875. 


Tickets  reading  to  Traverse  City,  Petoskey,  Mackinaw,  and  other  points 
ia  NoHbem  Michigan,  will  be   C       ^:^£^       ■^If.XO 

Good  for  Return  until  September  30th,  1875. 

Passengers  will  be  allowed  to  "  stop  ofiF"  at  pleasure,  at  any  regular 
Station  within  the  limits  of  their  ticket,  thus  giving  ample  opportunities 
for  visiting  the  Fisheries  and  other  scenes  of  interest  by  the  way.  ♦  ?  ,a  A  X 

GRAND  HAVEN  EXCURSION  TICKETS 

vM^    .      ^  1  !    WUl  be  Good  until  Jfoyemfter  1st,  1875,   •m^^r^iii-^^v^::--: 

'    '  Dogs,  guns  and  fishing  rods  are   carried  free  (at  owner's  risk)  on  ttls 
Bailroad.  "  .  ,  ^^^ 

jK^^  See  next  page  for  arrangements  of  Trains  and  Steamers. 

(77) 


,  GUii  Rims  m  ClllATl 


♦#♦ 


THAIN  AND  STEAMER  ARRANaEMENTS.. 

Cincinnati,  Grand  Rupids  and  Petcskey  Express, 

Leaving  CINCINNATI  every  morning  (except  Sunday).  Has  comfortable 
New  Day  Coaches  to  GRAND  RAPIDS;  Sleeper  from  Grand  Rapids  to 
PETOSKEY,  making  direct  connection  with  Steamer  Music  for  ISLAND  OF 
MACKINAC.  --'r^A".   ■r^'-vvi.-,   :■ 


TIME  TO  MACKINAW, 


Cincinnati,  Grand  Hayen  and  TraTcrse  City  Express, 

Leaving  CINCINNATI  every  evening  (except  Saturday),  has 

THROUGH  SLEEPING  AND  CHAIR  CARS 

To  GRAND  RAPIDS  and  TRAVERSE  CITY. 


Direct  connection  at  Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  Depot,  Grand  Rapids,  with 

DETROIT  &  MILWAUKEE  train  for  GRAND  HAVEN  AND  SPRING  LAKE. 

This  train  arrives  at  Traverse  City  at  6  p.  m.,  Steamer  A.  C.  Van  Raalte  sails 

,  thence  to  Petoskey,  over  the  famous  "  Grand  Traverse  Bay  route,"  at  ^  •*;•"•) 

Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays. 

"See  Table  of  Distances,  &c.,  pages  7  and  8.  -^ 


■«*'&■!, 


(78) 


1,000,000  ACRES 

SPLENDID  MICHIGAN  LANDS 


The  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad  having  heen  completed  from  Fort  Wayne 
ill  Indiana,  to  Little  Traverse  Bay,  near  Mackinaw,  and  earned  all  of  ita  grants  oj 
lands,  over  1,000,000  Acres,  now  offer 

Special  Barps  in  tlie  Best  of  Faming  Lands 

To  Colonies  or  Individuals,  for  1875,  1876  and  1877. 

These  Lands  are  timbered  with  Pine,  and  with  Beech  and  Maple,  Elm  and  other 
hard  wood,  and  are  accessible  to  the  best  market,  by 

WATER  AND  RAIL, 

And  are  in  a  part  of  the  State  unequaled  for  health,  well  watered,  and  contiguous  to 
the  Great  Fruit  Raising  Section  of  the  East  Shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

MICHIGAN  is  one  of  the  LEAST  INDEBTED  and  most  prosperous  of  the  States. 

MICHIGAN  is  noted  for  its  splendid  University  and  Normal  Schools,  all  part  of  a 
magnificent  "Free  School  System"  endowed  by  the  State. 

MICHIGAN  is  famed  for  its  Manufactories,  its  Furnaces,  its  Railroads,  its  Water 
Courses,  its  Beautiful  Lakes,  and  stirring,  enterprising  Towns,  Villages  and  Cities. 

MICHIGAN  produces  Wool,  Wheat,  Oats,  Corn,  Barley,  Potatoes,  &c. 

MICHIGAN  produces  inexhaustible  quantities  of  Iron.  Copper,  Silver,  Coal  and 

MICHIGAN,  in  the  portion  of  the  State  near  these  lands,  produces  all  kinds  of 

The  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  Grant. 
The  wealth  of  the  country  is  in  the  soil,  and  now  is  the  time  to  own  a  share  of  fiuch 
wealth,  when  it  cad  be  had  at 

From  $4  to  $8  and  $10  per  ACRE. 

One-quarter  only  down,  balance  in  easy  time  payments.  Interest  7  per  cent,  per 
annum. 

jg^-  Send  for  Illustrated  Famphlet,  containing  Facts,  --^^ft 

READ,  AND  BE  CONVINCED. 

ABBK.SS,  .^   A.  HOWARD, 

p.  B,  li.  PEIRCE,  ,,.     ....         ^'^^^  Commissioner, 

Secretary  of  Land  Dep.   r,^  .^s^ y^»^    v--,  „  ,  .  .     Grand  Rapids,  MicL 


MICHIGAN  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 

'  •"?  .     ^      i^  .   TO  GO  TO   OR   FROM  "I     \     «  / 

CHICAGO  or  DETROXT 

.      -         .  •,-     ,     *  ■■.-,■  •;-,,,       'fT"*^'"'  1  '   .     '  ',■   i       ' 

TO 

TRAVERSE  CITY,  PETOSKEY,  CHEBOYGAN,  MACKINAC, 

Or  other  points  In  NORTHERN  MICHIGAN,    i  >  >  <  i 

You    should    take    the    MICHIGAN    CENTRAL     RAILROAD   to   GRAND 
RAPIDS,  and  thence  via  GRAND  RAPIDS  &  INDIANA  and  its  connections 

to  destination.  ■-  '  '•'      " 

The  MICHIGAN  CENTRAL  is  noted  the  world  over  as  a  model  road. 
Its  track  is  the  best  that  steel  rails  can  make  it,  and  its  equipments  are  sur- 
passed by  no  Road  in  the  country.  •     •  ■■  . 

During  the  "  Season,"      '  .  r 


,T    .'V 


EXCURSION  TICKETS 

are  sold  at  reduced  rates  between 


.'■■ !   I'  • '/ 


-^y:     '^1-1    :  vi.n.4;:      And  all  the  points  named  above.      f=  v-:tc  •';-?hc.j,>-/jr:; 
Passengers  seeking  an  all  rail  route  should  try  this  favorite  route.  "  vi?^. 

xltiA   iir^lTT     *         ^^-   ^-    STRONG, 
^ll^t/,  #f  fjll     ft.    .  ,T  General  Sup't,  Chicago, 

HENRY  O.  WENTWORTH,  ,.*>.^i.A  i  ..^  .,,  ,  i 

«<Mi  ,*»„^«,«.       Gen'l  I'assenaer  Agcntf  Chic€tgo,  zeX  V*  Y-'*7.3»^iv>d 
-    (80) 


THE 


Dmoii,  ksiii,  m  hi  Icicn  I 


IS   THB 

SHORTEST  AND  QUICKEST  ROUTE 


From  DETROIT  AND  THE  EAST  to  the 
Island  of  Maekina^w. 


m<    •    mu     


PASSENGERS  leaving  DETEOIT  at  3.20,  P.  M.,  arrive  at  MAOKI- 

NAO  the  nezt  day  at  1  o'clock,  making  the  run  ONE  HOTJS 

quicker  than  any  other  from  Detroit. 


The  Detroit,  Lansing  and  Lake  Michigan  runs  through  the  finest  section 
of  Michigan,  that  portion  between  Detroit  and  Ionia  being  under  a  high 
state  of  cultivation,  and  the  most  productive  of  any  part  of  the  State.  It 
strikes  the  great  Michigan  Pineries  at  Greenville,  and  connects  at  Howard 
with  Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana  Railroad,  and  for  all  points  on  its  line,  and 
they  with  daily  Boat  at  Petoskey  for  Mackinac. 

Jg^"  Every  improvement  for  safety  and  comfort,  and  a  smooth  road-bed. 

Ask  for  Tickets  via  this  Line. 


C.  SANDEES,  Gen.  Passenger  Agent, 
,  -.^  JOETBOIT,  Mies. 


500,000   -A.OK/ES 


07 


MICHIGAN    LANDS 

FOB  SALE. J_.      / 

THE    LANDS   OF    THB 

Jackson,  Lansing  &  Saginaw  Railroad  Company 

ARK  NOW  OFFERED  FOR  SALE  AT   -« 

<       LOW  JPB1CE8  AND   ON  LOJS&  TIME. 

—  ■  ♦  ■ 

The  Railroad  is  constructed  and  in  operation  from  Jackson  to  Gaylord,  a 
distance  of  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles,  and  will  soon  be  completed  to 
the  Straits  of  Mackinaw,  a  further  distance  of  about  fifty-five  miles. 

Particular  attention  is  called  to  the  large  tracts  of  the  best  White  and 
Norway  Pine  Timber  along  the  line  of  the  road  and  upon  the  Au  Sauble, 
Cheboygan,  Muskegon,  and  Manistee  Rivers,  the  mos^  important  logging 
streams  in  the  State. 

The  Farming  Lands  of  the  Company  include  some  of  the  most  fertile 
and  well-watered  hard-wood  lands  in  the  State.  Especial  attention  is  called 
to  the  farming  lands  in  Crawford,  Otsego  and  Cheboygan  Counties,  which 
are  high  and  rolling,  timbered  mainly  with  the  finest  hard  maple,  Soil,  black 
sandy  loam,  and  abounding  in  springs  of  the  purest  water.  These  counties 
are  being  rapidly  settled,  and  the  lumbering  business  in  the  vicinity  will 
afford  to  farmers  a  first-rate  market  for  produce  for  many  years. 

TEBMS  OP  SALE. 

For  pine  lands,  one-fourth  down  and  remainder  in  three  equal  annual 
payments,  with  interest  at  seven  per  cent.  For  farming  lands  to  settlers, 
longer  time  will  be  given  if  desired. 

^.^   For  title  of  lands,  further  information,  or  purchase,  apply  to 


O.  M.  BABlSTESy  I.and  Commissioner, 

Lansing,  Michigan. 


(82) 


Michigan  Central  Railroad.' 


DEPOT, ....    Foot  of  Third  Strec*,  Detroit,  Mich. 

TICKET  OFFICES, .  .  151  Jefferson  Avenue  and  at  Depot. 


»M'.*3i.l.A..«.jt 


TRAINS  RUN  BY  CHEOAGO  TIME. 

■-■■■,  s*  ^ 

Mail  (via  Mam  an  1  Air  line),  .         .        ...     *7.00  a.m.  *5.45  p.m. 

Day  Express, .r^^.,,, ,,       .     *9.50  a.m.  *6.30  p.m. 

Jackson  Express, *4.00  p.m.  *10.15  a.m. 

Evening  Express  (a), *5A0  v.u.  *8.00  a.m. 

Pacific  Express,                 ±9.50  p.m.  ±3.50  a.m. 

^-u^u,,,,  ,,,.  QEAND  EAPIDS  AND  MUSKEGON. 

Day  Express, .        '.    *9.50  a.m.  *6.30  p.m. 

Grand  Rapids  Express,     ....      ^Vi       .     *2.30  p.m.  *2.00  p.m. 

Pacific  Express,        .     \/i^^,  o      '>Of  I " Mi  t  r>     f^.oO  p.m.  *8.00  a.m. 

» 

DETEOIT,  BAY  CITY  AND  SASINAW.  , 

Day  Express,     ........     *8.00  a.m.  *11.15a.m. 

SaginaAvExprer.3,       .         .         .^       -    i^t'^  y  .11    -    *^-^^  ^•^»-  *6.28  p.m. 

Night  Express  (sleeping  car),  ."^t       .    ^   .''*    ?  *10.00  p.m.  *6.10  a.m. 

*  Sundays  excepted.  f  Saturdays  excepted.  J  Daily, 

(a)  Saturdays  to  and  Mondays  from  Kalamazoo  only. 

HENRY  C.  WENTWORTH, 

General  Passenger  Agent. 


iA  -imlm     m 


,?.«    V 


ROUTE  TO  MACKINAC— Hereafter  there  will  be  a  Vullman  palace  and  sleeping  car  put 
on  the  Michigan  Central  train  leaving  Detroit  at  8.30  P.M.  This  car  will  go  through  to 
PETOSKEY,  arriving  there  at  7  o'clock  the  next  morning,  connecting  with  the  Steamer 
Music  for  Mackinac.  The  Music  will  leave  Mackinac  at  2.30  p.m.,  on  the  return,  making  close 
connections  with  the  Central  train  at  Pctoskey,  so  that  passengers  will  arrive  in  Detroit  the  fol- 
lowing day  at  2.30  p.m.  The  sleeping  car  is  run  each  way.  The  trip  from  Detroit  to  Mackinac 
by  this  route  is  made  in  twenty-two  hours,  and  the  return  trip  in  twenty-four.  To  those  desirous 
of  making  a  speedy  as  we'J  j,a  pleasant  trip  to  the  above  famous  Island,  the  route  presented  by 
the  "  OentraV*  p^d  the  "Music"  is  a  very  advantageous  one. 

(83) 

"■V  .•  % 


Tlie  Swift,  Staimoh  and  Elegantly  Appointed  Low  Pressure 

Steamer,   ^     ^  ' 

^  2  m:ijsic,     "' 

'*' "'  -=-''--^         ^_  H.  CABOT,  Master, 


■  ^i.    .,JtJt;_w 


fill  Ri  Mieen  PETOSKEY  mi  MACKINAC, 

Baring  the  Summer  Season  of  1875, 


In  direct  connection  with  trains  of  the  Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  Railroad. 

The  MUSIC  has  ample  accommodation  for  pleasure  travel,  and  is  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  Mackinaw  trade.  Large  Saloon  Hall ;  Promenade  Deck, 
24  by  45  ;  Ladies'  Cabin,  furnished  in  walnut  and  gold,  with  furniture 
elegantly  upholstered  to  match. 


GRAND  TRAVERSE  BAY  ROUTE. 

The  Neat,  Staunch  and  Comfortable  Propeller, 

.    uM     ;;  •  V  ;  j^.  0.  v^  RAAITE,   .      ' 

;v       Will  run  during  the  season  of  Navigation  for  1875,       *  . 

Between  TRAVERSE  CITY  and  PETOSKEY, 


Touching  at  Old  Mission,  Elk  Rapids,  Torch  Lake  (Brownstown),  Northport, 

Norwood  and  Charlevoix  (Pine  River). 

Leaves  TraTCrse  City,  Tuesdays,  Thursdays  and  Saturdays, 
"       PetOSkey,  Mondays,  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays, 

Connecting  at  both  termini  with  the  Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana  Railroad,  also 
at  Petoskey  with  the  Mackinaw  Steamer  Music.  Also,  makes  direct  connec- 
tion at  Pine  River  and  Northport,  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays  and  Fridays,  with 
steamers  for  Buffalo  and  Chicago. 

Captain  ALVIN  DODGE.  ^^ 


DAILY  PASSENGER  LINE  OF  STEAMERS 

THE  WESTERN  TRANSPORTATION  CO. 

THE  ANCHOR  LINE. 


^  *  •  • » 


Between  Buffalo  &  Chicago, 

■         stopping  at  DETKOIT,  MACKINAC  and  MILWAUKEE, 

,v       >      ■"■■■._         Calling  au  some  of  the  following  ports :  \<       r        -^ 

JErie,  Port   Huron,  Pine   River,  Norwood,  North  Port, 
Beaver  Island,  Leland,  Frankfort. 


"♦♦■ 


Capt. 

Gibson. 

It 

Pknny. 

(( 

Wright. 

u 

Clark. 

(< 

Condon. 

ONEIDA,.    .    .    . 

Capt.  Drake. 

INDIA,     .    .   ..    . 

"        WiLKINS. 

CHINA,  .  r ,  . 

"      Dickson. 

JAPAN,    .    .    .    . 

"        McDoUGAL. 

ARIZONA,    .    .    . 

1-                      T\             11                        1      £1 

"      Hogg. 

.  .    ARRANGEMENTS  FOR  1875. 

One  of   the  following    splendid    Steamers  will    LEAVE    BUFFALO    AND 
CHICAGO  DAILY  (Sundays  and  Mondays  excepted),  at  7  o'clock,  p.m.: 

FOUNTAIN  CITY, 
IDAHO,   .... 
EMPIRE  STATE, 
BADGER  STATE, 
MOHAWK,  .    .    . 

Most  of  the  above  Steamers  are  new,  have  Double  and  Single  State  Rooms, 
and  have  been  outfitted  this  season  with  reference  to  Pleasure  Travelers  and 
Tourists,  and  with  special  regard  to  safety  and  comfort. 

It  costs  no  more  per  day  to  take  a  Pleasure  Trip  around  the  Lakes  than 
to  stop  at  a  First-class  Hotel. 

Cabin  Passage  inludes  Meals  and  State  Room.  State  Rooms  secured, 
Tickets  and  all  necessary  information  obtained  by  applying  to 

.  v\  ^, .     .  K.  M.  CHOATE,  Passenger  Agent, 

— "  r     :^ — "         —        .-.----.-  Offices  Foot  of  Washington  Street, 

And  at  Atlantic  J>ocks,  BUFFALO* 

A.  A.  SAMPLE,  Pass'r  Agent, 

-.^  Cor,  Canal  and  Madison  Sts,,  CHICAQO,  Iljlt, 

"^^  (85)        .' 


WINDSOR  AND  UKE  SUPERIOR  LINE  OF  STEAMERS, 


Run  from  DETROIT  and  WINDSOR  via  the  North  Shore  cf  Lake  Superior, 
passing  up  the  Detroit  and  St.  Clair  Rivers,  touching  at  all  Lake  Huron 
Ports ;  passing  through  the  beautiful  rcenery  of  the  St.  Mary's  River  and 
Michipicotcn  Island  ;  thence  around  the  North  Sh'ore,  and  calling  at  Nepigon, 
famous  for  its  unequalled  Trout  Fishing  ;  Silver  Islet,  with  its  great  and 
fabulous  amount  of  wealth  in  silver,  lead  and  other  ores  ;  Thunder  Bay  and 
Prince  Arthur's  Landing,  the  terminus  of  the  famous  overland  drive  to 
Fort  Garry,  and  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad^  the  first  sod 
of  which  was  cut  this  month  ;  thence  on  to  Duluth,  where,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  their  elegant  and  luxurious  cars  carry  the 
traveler  to  Moorhbad,  Minn.  ;  thence  by  elegant  and  commodious  Steamers 
on  the  Red  River  to  Fort  Garry,  commonly  called  Winnipeg,  the  "  Queeu 

City  of  the  North-west."  .    .„   ,,. 

This  Line  is  composed  of  the  new  A  1  Steamers 

•-'''^   "ASIA"  and  "SOVEREIGN/' .J'Jii] 

elegantly  fitted  up  for  passenger  accommodation,  and  with  a  well  and  bounti- 
fully found  table,  and  gentlemanly  officers.  ""'  ....    ,:^»f/.if»ym 

The  proprietors,  George  Campbell,  Windsor,  Sylvester  Neelon,  M.  P.P., 
J.  C.  Graham,  Esq.,  St.  Catherines,  are  men  well  known,  not  only  through 
the  Dominion,  but  over  the  Border,  as  thorough  going  busi'  .ss  men,  and  this 
is  a  good  guarantee  to  the  public.         ..  ,.  f-,^  ^,  ^,.ji  ..,,.  y-  .;,<  ,■>,:,   ., i.. -^  i\ 

These  Boats  make  weekly  trips,  u..,.h  3,^^.  ^     .:  »;'-.r  ,   -  .  „    ;*  ^,f 

J  jM.    Leaving  WINDSOR  and  DETROIT  EVERT  FRIDAY,  A.M.       ' 

N.  B. — Rates  as  low  as  any  other  line.  Passages  on  the  most  reasonable 
and  favorable  terms  made  with  Excursionists  and  pleasure  parties  or  ft\milies. 
All  information  cheerfully  given.     Address, 

GEO.  CAMPBELLi,  Manager,    ^ 

WINDSOB,  ONT, 

^     ^  (86)    '  ■■-'-■■;--,^--  ■■ 


*\        ^"•'vr*  *'■' 


LAKE  SUFEKIOR  STEAIIERS— 1875. 


■♦-^ 


The  Union  Steamboat  Co. 


AND   THE 


ffliilC,  DlItllTB  k  PACIFIC  lAH  CO. 


BUNNIMG   IN,  CONNECTION    WITH;. 


ERSE  RAILWAY, 


'IT 

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD, 

X    Xrd    Will  run  the  following  SPLENDID  PASSENGER  STEAMERS:       fdL 


At  BUFFALO,  N.  Y., 


T  TjT 


WINSL.OW, Capt.  Ben.  Wilkins. 

ARCTIC,  .  .  .  ,  .  .  Capt.  Fred.  S.  MiUer. 
PACIFIC,  .  ^  .  .  ^  !  .  .  •  .  Capt.  Chas.  McCrea. 
ATLANTIC,  /      .       .       .       r      .       .       Capt.  Ed.  Mooney. 

Buffalo,  Erie,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  Sarnia  &  Port  Huron. 

Sant  St.  Marie,  Marptte,  L'Aie,  iniliton  &  Isle  Royale. ; 

V     W.  BVLLABD,  Gen'l  MaDager,  U.  S.  Co., 

/'        . '^V r/iihl  hcti    .  ,.  No.  5  Ohio  Strbjct,  Bufpalo.  i 

.Ln^^^Mv;^/-^  .^nir/H -j,^'^^  IVANS,  Manager,  A.,  D.  &  P.  L.  Co., 

'  Atlantic  Dock,  Buffalo. 

J.  J.  WADSWORTH,  Erie,  Pa. 

HANNA  &  CO.,  53  River  St.,  Cleveland,  0. 


T 


J.  T.  WHITIBTG,  General  Agent, 

rOiilM  Foot  First  Street,  Detroit,  Mich. 

(87) 


FOR  LAKE  SUPEKIOR 


^WJ^TlTt' 


TMl  alB 


:,f"2b;  /#" 


LAKE  COMPANY. 


;.=S»r 


.vk:,-::':   J 


/     If/ 


.EAS0H-i874 


This  Line,  composed  of  ten  first-class  Steamers,  will  run  from  Buffalo  to 
JDuluth,  and  intermediate  points,  and  make  five  departures  each  week  from  each 
end  of  the  route.  Connects  at  Bufialo  with  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  for 
all  points  East,  and  at  Duluth  with  the  Northern  Pacific  and  Lake  Superior  and 
Mississippi  Railroads,  for  all  points  in  Minnesota,  Manitoba,  and  the  North-west. 
One  of  the  Passenger  Steamers  will  leave  JBuffalo  every  Sunday,  Tuesday, 
and  Thursday — Cleveland,  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday — Detroit^ 
every  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  and  touch  at  Port  Huron,  Sarnia,  and 
Grand  Trunk  Railroad,  on  the  mornings  following  the  departures  from  Detroit. 
For  information  apply  to 

CHARLES  E.  SLACK,  Foot  of  Mississippi  St.,  Bufialo,  N.  Y. 
L.  L.  DAVIS  &  CO.,  Foot  of  St.  Clair  St.,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
BUCKLEY  &  CO.,  Foot  of  First  St.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
>     -     JOHN  GORDON,  Duluth,  Minn. 


■rir : 


Or  to 


EBER  WARD,  Manager, 

OFFICE,  Foot  of  First  St.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


Ml<iSl€&li   IS^l&M^^ 


^f) 


JEFFERSON   AVENUE,       .      .      .      .      DETROIT,   MICHIGAN. 

c     •     ^       EDWARD    LYON,       )     -o  .    ^  ^  »  : 

^      -     «  '        >     Proprietor.  *  ^ 

This  Is  a  large  and  well-kept  I-IOI^JBIj,  situated  near  the  Steamboat  Landlngris. 


LANSING  HOUSE 

LANSING,  MICH. 


;^     '«■ 


*,./  !'*'•«■','  ,^,<+;»,-: 


M«  S@»S#M$  F^®tiM®s«> 


■4»>- 


THIS    IS    A   FIRST-CLASS    HOTEL, 

''  "With  all  the  Modem  Improvements. '       . 


a 


The  Morton," 

aSAITI)  BAFISS,  UICHIQAIT, 
Comer  of  Monroe  and  Ionia  Streets, 


An  entirely  new  House,  with   every  Modern   Improvement,  and  most 
favorably  located.  -^     -  -  -^  \^ 

A.  VOOEHIES  PANTLIND, 
PARNHAM  LYON,        7 


rBOPBIBTOBS, 


~"  North-Western  Hotel, 

.c^.e/.,r^a  1^.;  MAEQUETTE,  (L.  S.,)  MICHIGAN,  ""'l^^*:^ 
'  '  r-" t'" r^7^^- 'Y  /■  \  1   ¥        F.  LYON,  Proprietor. 

This  popular  Hotel  is  newlj'  fitted,  and  furnished  with  all  the  modern 
improvements.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Lake  Shore,  having  500 
feet  frontage,  with  shade  trees  and  fountain,  aflfording  a  cool  and  delightful 
retreat  during  the  Summer  Months.      ^'  ^  ^'  ^■'^■-  "^  ^'  ^ 

COBURN'S  EXCHANGE, 

'         *  HOWARD  CITY,  MICHIGAN.  "^"^^      ' 

H.   a.    COBURN,   Proprietor. 

This  House  is  favorably  situated  near  the  Railroad  Depot,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Detroit,  Lansing  and  Lake  Michigan  Railroad  with  the  Grand  Rapids  and 
Indiana  Railroad. 

JJ^°*  Travellers  will  here  find  good  accommodations  and  reasonable 
charges.  Dinner  is  served  on  the  arrival  of  the  day  Express  Train  from  the 
South.     Charge,  50  cents. 


CITTLER  aOTTSi:, 

GRAND  HAVEN,  MICHIGAN. 

rp^^--   •--  i  mPI    I''") 

,-,„v    ^^   Q._    SHERMAN,    Proprietor.— ^ '"- 


The  City  of  Grand  Haven  is  located  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  River,  which 
forms  the  best  natural  harbor  on  Lake  Michigan.  Steamboats  from  Chicago, 
Milwaukee,  Grand  Rapids,  Muskegon  and  Manistee  arrive  and  depart  daily. 
The  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  and  the  Michigan  Lake  Shore  railroads  terminate 
here.  The  Michigan  and  Ohio  and  the  Chicago,  Saginaw  and  Canada  rail- 
roads are  now  being  constructed.  This  is  the  central  city  of  the  Michigan 
fruit  region,  situated  in  one  of  the  finest  climates  on  the  Continent.  The 
cooling  Lake  Breeze,  Pure  Air,  Surf  Bathing,  Fishing,  Boating,  Bowling  and 
Mineral  Waters  furnish  pleasure-seeliers  and  invalids  with  attractions  unsur- 
passed by  any  other  Summer  Resort  in  the  Northwest.     It  is  most  justly  called 

"THE  SAEATOfiA  OP  THE  VEST."  

\J..    W.  C.  SHELDON'S    /V)^4V 

Magnetic  Mineral  Springs 

AND  BATHING  ESTABLISHMENT, 

Opposite  the  Cutler  House,  GRA1T35  HAVEN,  MICH. 

» • «  — 

Temperature,  50°  F.    Specific  Gravity,  1.0057. 

Manganese trace. 

Boracic  Acid trace. 

Fluoride  of  Calcium 0504 

Bromide  Magnesium 1820 

Iodide  "  0483 

Alumina 3927 

Silicic  Acid 1.0577 

Nitric    "    trace. 

Ammonia trace. 


r  Soda 3.0072 

4  I  Potassia 3.6162 

g       Lime - 2.8861 

5  Magnesia 2.5G62 

I  Iron 1052 

Sulphate  of  Soda 71.2899 

•d    f  Potassium 1.9320 

■g  J  Sodium 306.0.'i72 

2   ]  Calcium 148.0570 

t>    [Magnesium 71.6281 

612.75G2 

1  consider  this  a  most  valuable  Mineral  Water,  one  of  the  strongest  in  tha  Northwest;  in 
fact,  I  know  of  no  other  in  this  country  having  an  equal  number  of  rare  and  valuable  medicinal 
constituents.  C.  GILBERT  WHEELER, 

Chicago,  May  15th,  1873.      ^  -      ...  Prof,  of  Chemistry,  University  of  Cutcago. 


»®- STOP  AT  THE  KE¥  HOUSE-©*  "y  ■i>^'-y 

SITUATES  ON  LITTLE  TRAVEESE  BAT. 


CUSHMAN    HOUSE, 

PETOSKEY,  MICH., 

Just  finished,  with  ample  accommodations  for  guests  ;  delightfully  situated  ; 
close  to  Railroad  Depot  and  Steamers'  Dock,  and  commanding  a  full  view  of 
Little  Traverse  Bay — one  of  the  most  beautiful  sheets  of  water  in  the  world. 
Fine  fishing  in  the  Bay  and  the  neighboring  Trout  streams,  affording  amusement /or 
the  angler  and  sportsman. 

SfO^  Rates  moderate  and  accommodations  good.     •  * '  •      •       - 

CUSHMAN  BROS.,  Proprietors. 

McKINNON  HOUSE, 

•  CLAM  LAKE,  MICH. 

W.  H.  H.  BENSON,      .      *      .      .      Manager. 

v:^>  $2  PER  DAY.  '  *jir/: 

Board  by  the  week  according  to  accommodations.    Day  express  trains  going  South 
stop  twenty  minutes  for  dinner,  served  at  the  McKinnox  House ;  price,  50  cents. 
2^^^  The  Hotel  is  finely  located,  facing  Clam  Lake. 


OHEBOTQAN,  MICE. 


Having  just  taken  possession  of  this  Hotkl  (formerly  known  as  the  Everett  House), 
I  have  entirely  remodeled  and  refurnished  it  with  special  reference  to  the  entertain- 
ment of  Summer  visitors.  Have  ample  accommodation  for  a  large  number  of  guests, 
and  shall  spare  no  efforts  to  further  the  comfort  and  pleasure  of  those  who  may  favor 
me  with  a  call.    ''  Rooms  en  suite." 

WM.  SPENCER,  Proprietor, 

(92)  ^^     ; 


MISSION  HOUSE. 

MACKINAC,  MICHIGAN. 

■  "  '  ■■'T    ■-■■-;'  ■  "*  ';/<: 

E.  A.   FRANKS,  Proprietor. 


This  old  and  favorite  Hotel  is  most  delightfully  situated  on  the  romantic 
Island  of  Mackinac,  within  a  short  distance  of  the  water's  edge,  and  con- 
tiguous  to  the  Arched  Rock^  Sugar  Loaf,  the  Giant's  Causeway,  and  other 
Natural  Curiosities,  in  which  the  famed  Island  abounds— being  alike  cele- 
brated for  its  pure  air,  romantic  scenery  and  fishing  grounds. 

Mackinac,  Jiune^  1875. 


i^''ii''';''i  ■'    .■■'''  '     ''■•■":  •'<  '   M 


?'''  Pleasure  Excursions, 

For  CHEBOYGAJ^,  OLD  MACKIJfAC, 

LA  CHEJ^EAUX,  the  FISHIJ^G  GBOUJfDS, 

V:.,       ;.         And  other  Points. 


«<  ■  v» 


„«■  i 


The  fast  sailing  Steam  Yacht, 

Ottpt.    JA.S.    BE]S^W^£5TT,    Jr., 


can  be  chartered  at  all  times  by  Excursionists  and  Fishing  Parties.     Charges 

reasonable.     Apply  to 

JAMES  BENNETT, 

Sobftn^s  JDoekf  MaeJeinae, 

■1* 

Wholesale  Dealer  in  Salt  and  Fresh  Fish. 

(93) 


MACKINAC,  MICHiaAN. 


•if  .•  ^  '  ■".  •  • ) , 


A       '•:T 


Capt.  H.  VAN  ALLEN^  Proprietor. 

This  favorite  Hotbl  is  pleasantly  situated,  facing  the  Harbor,  where  there 
is  a  fine  beach,  and  near  the  Steamboat  Landing.  In  the  rear  of  the  House 
are  high  grounds,  where  stands  old  Fort  Mackinac,  overlooking  the  beauti- 
ful Straits  of  Mackinac  and  several  picturesque  Islands. 

John  Jacob  Astor  House, 


MACEINAC,  MIOHIGAH.  :»'IV  >.  ■ .  .  •^o'-l 


:>;SrmQ)'M')  vv.,. 


»i.jw  aui.  i..,V       X'JtWi. 


JAMES   F.  CABLE,  Proprietor. 


^r5< 


The  above  House  is  favorably  situated  on  the  site,  and  is  a  part  of  the 
Stores,  Offices,  Warehouse,  etc.,  of  the  American  Fur  Company^  of  which  John 
Jacob  Astor  was  the  founder.  The  House  is  spacious,  well  furnished,  con- 
venient to  the  Steamboat  Landing,  and  will  be  kept  in  first-class  style. 
Carriages,  Boats,  etc.,  furnished  at  all  times.  Charges  moderate.  Bath  and 
Billiard  Rooms  in  connection.  -    v- 

^^^  The  old  Books  of  the  American  Fur  Company  can  be  seen  at  this 
House.  /  • "  '^  ^, 


IsrE!"^7V"  [ 


Indian  Curiosity  Store. 


The  largest,  best  assorted  and  cheapest  stock  of  Indian  Curiositieg  erer 
opened  on  the       iX    ,'  /  \i\ 

r.  ISLAND  OF  MACKINAC, 

'sd^-10-:m,ii-^>.'t    -fiJ    ^)^l<.   1.  CONSISTING   OF 

Bark  Boxes,  Trunks,  and  Baskets  of  every  description,    Sweet  Grass  in 
every  variety  of  work,  Bead  Work,  leathers,  Pans,  Ladies'  Bark  ' 
Hats,  &o.    The  assortment  including  every  description  of  Fancy     ) 
^i?^i/  Work  made  by  Chippewa  Indians.    Also,  Photographic  and       ^? 
hxnlv-v)  r     Stereoscopic  Views  of  all  Points  of  Interest. 

»;tV.f|jE  l.«f>)l«q>jii    f,if>    '       A   FULL   ASSORTMEKV   OF 


f'f^UITp    /^ND    ]pAJMCY    <^F^OCERlEg, 

O  ;}  S  T"  I  a  /\  J  rt !  t  is  connection,     j     -It » 1 1  ,1  M~tr\ 

Ladies  and  Gennemen  visiting  the  Island  should  not  fail  to  call  and 
examine  this  stock.  Inquire  for  kS.  IIighstone's  Indian  Curiosity  Store, 
opposite  his  Dry  Goods  Store,  on  Water  Street. 

A  large  variety  of  Dry  and  Fancy  Goods,  Clothing,  Boots  and  Shoes,  &c. 
Mackinac,  JM«e,  18 T5. 


MACKINAC 


'^" 


STRAN&ERS  &  VISITORS 

To  this  charming  and  Romantic 
Island,  for  ages  the  Paradise  of  the 
Genii,  so  believed  from  time  imme- 
morial by  the  Indian  Tribes,  wishing 
to  procure  a  Souvenir  of  their  visit 
to  the  "  FAIRY  ISLE,"  the  spiritual 
resting-place  of  the  departed  Braves 
and  renowned  Warriors  of  the  West, 
will  find  a  rare  and  splendid  collec- 
tion of 


GENUINE  INDIAN  CURIOSITIES, 

Of  all  descriptions  at  the  Indian  Baisaar, 


FENTON  &  WENDELL,  Proprietors, 


Jime,  1875. 
96) 


MACKINAC,  MICH. 


94J^. 


5oA 


9Z£t. 


ISLAND    OF  M 


ClcLy 


Clay 


P  MACKBVAC. 


6SJI- 


-3 


ChinmeyJlocfc 


JJevits  KUcTven 


76' :A. 


Sftifr9d  eictttrOtngr  ^vut  of  Ctngf-l^  in  Vi*  year  JSyj;  "by  T.JUj^b^rntit* 


J»HOTO-LlTM.  ^r   ^.M-^i'MI. 


d 


